Effects of Polyphenol, Measured by a Biomarker of Total Polyphenols in Urine, on Cardiovascular Risk Factors After a Long-Term Follow-Up in the PREDIMED Study
Table 3
Changes in nutrient intake after 5 years with energy adjustment categorized by tertile of changes in TPE.
TPE (mg GAE/g creatinine)
(ΔTP < −11.4)
(−11.4 ≤ ΔTP ≤ 24.6)
(ΔTP > 24.6)
Mean
SD
Mean
SD
Mean
SD
Time
Group
Time Group
Total carbohydrates (g/d)
Baseline
235.6
36.5
238.4
43.2
239.9
35.9
0.736
0.964
0.41
5 years
239.7
63.1
235.0
68.9
235.6
61.0
Protein (g/d)
Baseline
88.4
36.5
91.2
43.2
92.7
35.9
0.12
0.649
0.498
5 years
94.5
18.6
92.7
19.5
94.4
17.7
Total fat (g/d)
Baseline
102.5
12.8
100.8
12.6
102.7
13.6
<0.001
0.528
0.331
5 years
110.7
23.1
112.9
25.6
113.4
24.4
MUFA (g/d)
Baseline
53.5
13.6
52.3
17.4
51.6
15.2
<0.001
0.97
0.19
5 years
58.3
12.7
59.6
13.5
59.8
13.5
SFA (g/d)
Baseline
25.5
9.0
24.6
10.1
24.0
9.7
0.949
0.887
0.114
5 years
24.2
6.4
24.8
7.4
25.1
7.3
PUFA (g/d)
Baseline
15.7
4.7
15.7
6.1
15.6
5.4
<0.001
0.716
0.675
5 years
19.0
5.9
19.0
5.6
19.6
5.5
Alcohol (g/d)
Baseline
14.1
5.2
13.3
5.4
13.4
4.8
0.039
0.979
0.75
5 years
11.9
14.6
12.4
15.2
12.2
14.7
Fibre (g/d)
Baseline
24.2
6.0
24.6
5.6
25.2
6.4
<0.001
0.564
0.204
5 years
26.6
7.5
25.8
7.4
26.4
7.0
Cholesterol (mg/d)
Baseline
352.4
84.6
353.1
94.6
350.5
94.0
0.2
0.946
0.975
5 years
359.9
90.9
358.0
98.7
356.8
92.7
Na (mg/d)
Baseline
2322.4
479.6
2273.1
528.7
2263.7
479.9
0.736
0.963
0.41
5 years
2229.8
644.5
2230.8
728.0
2253.7
652.0
K (mg/d)
Baseline
4230.9
723.7
4164.3
682.7
4300.6
796.1
<0.001
0.234
0.542
5 years
4654.5
826.8
4546.0
963.7
4614.7
805.9
Mg (mg/d)
Baseline
359.5
62.7
358.4
58.1
367.1
61.8
<0.001
0.432
0.365
5 years
398.5
82.1
388.1
86.4
394.3
80.8
SFA: saturated fatty acids, MUFA: monounsaturated fatty acids, PUFA: polyunsaturated fatty acids, GAE: gallic acid equivalent; TPE: total polyphenol excretion. Data are given as means (SD); indicates statistical significance. Values with asterisks are statistically different from baseline by paired-samples -test (; ). Data analysed by repeated measures 2-factor ANOVA. Comparison between the time before and after intervention. Comparison between tertile changes in TPE. Comparison between measures obtained before and after intervention and between tertiles of TPE changes.
