The Role of the Reactive Oxygen Species and Oxidative Stress in the Pathomechanism of the Age-Related Ocular Diseases and Other Pathologies of the Anterior and Posterior Eye Segments in Adults

Figure 3

Schematic overview of the ROS influence on the development of microvascular complications, neurodegeneration, and pathological angiogenesis in the course of diabetic retinopathy. mtDNA, mitochondrial deoxyribonucleic acid; ROS, reactive oxygen species; Sirt6, the name of a nuclear chromatin-bound protein; RAS, renin-angiotensin system; BDNF, brain-derived neurotrophic factor; PKC, the protein kinase C, AGEs, advanced glycation end products; NF-κB, nuclear factor-κB; TNF-α, tumor necrosis factor alpha; IL-6, IL-8, interleukins 6 and 8; COX-2, cyclooxygenase 2; ICAM-1, intercellular adhesion molecule 1; MCP-1, monocyte chemoattractant protein 1; VEGF, vascular endothelial growth factor; PHDs, prolyl hydroxylases; HIF-1, hypoxia-inducible factor-1; SCDF-1, stromal cell derived factor-1; RAAS, rennin-angiotensin-aldosterone system; NADPH-oxidase, nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate-oxidase.