The Interplay of Reactive Oxygen Species, Hypoxia, Inflammation, and Sirtuins in Cancer Initiation and Progression

Figure 1

Subcellular compartmentation of ROS. 1. Mitochondrial ROS which can travel to cytoplasm through VDAC (superoxide) or through aquaporin (peroxides). 2. Cytosolic ROS. 3. Redoxosomes, such as peroxisomes and endoplasmic reticulum derived vesicles. 4. ROS included into exosomes and vesicles shedding from damaged plasma membranes. 5. Extracellular ROS in extracellular fluids and plasma, partly crossing the plasma membrane through aquaporin, partly secreted with granules (i.e., activated leukocytes).