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| Induction method | Modelled affective disorders feature | Experiment design | Description |
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| Natural behaviour | Repetitive/stereotypic behaviour [64] | Repetitive behaviour in anxiety assessment tests | Obsessive-compulsive-like behaviour in common anxiety |
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| Drug administration | Bipolar disorder-associated hyperactivity [65] | Locomotor activity evaluation in psychostimulants administration | Psychostimulants can cause hyperactivity |
| Drug-induced anxiety [66] | Pentylenetetrazol, sodium lactate, m-chlorophenylpiperazine, cholecystokinin administration | Several drugs can be used to generate anxiogenic responses |
| Withdrawal-induced depression [67] | Addictive substances administration | Depression can also occur as a specific symptom of drug withdrawal |
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| Physiological stress | Manic-like behaviour [68] | Locomotor activity, aggressivity, changes in sexual activity during sleep deprivation | Sleep deprivation (>72 h) causes manic-like behaviour |
| Hyperthermia induced anxiety [69] | Anxiety assessment in high environmental temperatures | Anxiety-like behaviour can be induced by high environment temperatures |
| Helplessness-induced depression [70] | Iterative physiological stress | Animals learn that no escape conditions are provided; therefore they fail to exhibit escape behaviour also in the absence of the stimuli |
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| Psychological stress | Resident-intruder paradigm-based aggressivity [71] | Locomotor activity, aggressivity, changes in sexual activity during social stress | Aggressive behaviour can be a collateral effect in resident-intruder paradigm |
| Ultrasonic vocalizations-induced anxiety [72, 73] | Ultrasonic distress in mouse pups separated from their mothers | The decrease in the number of calls, anxiolytic effect |
| Hyponeophagia-induced anxiety [74] | Feeding behaviour during/after anxiogenic stimulus of novelty | Novelty in food or environment suppressed feeding |
| Maternal deprivation [75, 76] | Maternal deprivation during early postnatal phases | Although controverted, maternal deprivation during infancy can cause depressive disorders occurrence in early adulthood |
| Resident-intruder paradigm and social defeat-based depression [77] | Depression assessment in males during consecutive cohabituation | Males can be exposed to psychological stress as a result of consecutive habitation in cages |
| Social hierarchization-based depression [78] | Depressive behaviour in tree shrews social hierarchy and subordination | Natural depressive behaviour can occur in different species as a result to social hierarchy |
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| Conflictual stimuli | Vogel-punished drinking [79] | Hydration habits in anxiety | Drinking behaviour is altered when anxiogenic stimuli are applied |
| Geller-Seifter task [80] | Feeding behaviour in anxiogenic stimulation | Feeding behaviour is altered when anxiogenic stimuli are applied |
| Cognitive Pavlovian [81] | Behavioural changes in Pavlovian conditions | When disagreeable stimuli are applied anxiety behaviour occurs |
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| Neurosurgical model | Olfactory bulbectomy [82] | Behavioural assessment after olfactory bulbectomy | Specific depressive behaviour occurs after olfactory bulb removal |
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| Neurodevelopmental model | Clomipramine administration [83] | Anxiety behaviour in neonatal clomipramine administration | Baby rats exposed to repeated injections of clomipramine develop anxiety-like features in adulthood |
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| Genetic engineering | Selective breeding [84] | Manic behaviour assessment in different strains | Particular strain-specific behavioural features |
| Selective breeding [85] | Anxious behaviour during selective breeding | In order to maximize anxious behaviour, the animals are either inbred or outbred |
| Single gene manipulation [86] | Anxious phenotyping and single gene manipulation | Knock-out and transgenic mice based on anxiety genes manipulation |
| Selective breeding [87, 88] | Depressive behaviour during selective breeding | A strong genetic predisposition to depression can be obtained through high depressive behaviour strains breeding |
| Genetic and ontogenetic modelling [89] | Genetic and ontogenetic modelling of depressive traits | Forward or reverse genetic techniques facilitate blockade or stimulation of neuronal activity |
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