Insights into the Role and Interdependence of Oxidative Stress and Inflammation in Liver Diseases

Table 1

Herbal medicines or derived compounds targeting oxidative stress and inflammation in various liver diseases.

Materials	Models	Effects	Mechanisms	Refs.
Phyllanthin	CCl4-induced hepatic toxicity	↓ oxidative stress and hepatic fibrosis	↓ TNF-α/NF-κB and profibrotic factor TGF-1 mediating inflammatory signaling	[139]
Gomisin A	CCl4-induced acute liver injury in rats	↓ oxidative stress and inflammatory response; ↓ fibrogenesis	↓ NF-κB and proinflammatory mediators	[140]
Dillenia suffruticosa leaves	CCl4-induced hepatic damage in rats	Impedes hepatic damage	↓ oxidative stress and inflammatory markers	[141]
Diallyl disulfide	CCl4-induced liver damage in rats	↑ phase II/antioxidant enzymes; ↓ inflammatory mediators	↑ Nrf2 pathway; ↓ NF-κB activation	[142]
Folic acid and melatonin	CCl4-induced liver injury in rats	↑ liver function; ↓oxidative stress and inflammation in rats	Restore the oxidative stability and lipid profile; ↓ inflammatory cytokines and cell survival Akt1 signals	[143]
Ursolic acid	CCl4-induced liver injury in mouse	Inhibiting oxidative stress and inflammation	↓ JNK, p38 MAPK, ERK, and NF-κB	[144]
Aloin	Chronic alcoholic liver injury in mice	↓ chronic alcoholic liver injury	↓ lipid accumulation, oxidative stress, and inflammation	[145]
Wild bitter gourd	Chronic alcohol-induced liver injury in mice	↓ oxidative stress and inflammatory responses	↑ antioxidant defence system; ↓ MDA and proinflammatory cytokines; ↓ CYP2E1, SREBP-1, FAS, and ACC protein expression	[146]
Lutein	Alcohol-induced liver injury in rats	↓ oxidative stress and inflammation	↓ inflammatory proteins and cytokines; ↑ Nrf2 levels; ↑ antioxidant enzymes	[147]
Fucoidan	High-fat diet-induced NAFLD in rats	↓ steatohepatitis and insulin resistance	↓ oxidative stress and inflammatory cytokines	[148]
Epigallocatechin gallate	High-fat diet-induced nonalcoholic fatty liver disease in rats	↓ fibrosis, oxidative stress, and inflammation	Modulating the activities of TGF/SMAD, PI3 K/Akt/FOXO1, and NF-κB	[149]
Magnolia extract	High-fat diet-induced liver damage in mice	↓ fibrosis in the liver	Inhibition of lipid accumulation, inflammation, and oxidative stress	[150]
Brown alga Ecklonia cava polyphenol extract	High-fat diet-induced obese mice	↓ hepatic lipogenesis, oxidative stress, and inflammation	↑ AMPK and SIRT1	[151]
Chicoric acid	High-fat diet-fed mice	↓ hepatic steatosis, inflammation, and oxidative stress	↑ antioxidant defense system; ↑ adipocytokines and adipogenesis-associated proteins	[152]
Ghrelin	High-fat diet-induced NAFLD in rats	↓ inflammation, oxidative stress, and apoptosis	Restoration of LKB1/AMPK and PI3 K/Akt pathways	[153]
Curcumin, silybin phytosome, and R-lipoic acid	TAA-induced chronic hepatitis in rat model	↓ MDA, GSH depletion, and collagen deposition	↓ macrophage activation, NF-κB, TNF-α, and IL6	[154]
Carvacrol	TAA-induced liver injury in rats	Abrogation of oxidative stress, inflammation, and apoptosis	↓ NF-κB	[155]
Fermented rooibos extract	LPS-induced liver injury in rats	Attenuated liver injury	↓ oxidative stress and proinflammatory cytokines	[156]
α-Lipoic acid	LPS-induced liver injury	Antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antiapoptotic activities	↓ iNOS, COX-2, TNF-α, NF-κB, IL-1β, and IL-6	[157]
Paeoniflorin	A mouse model of hepatic ischemia/reperfusion injury	↓ hepatic ischemia/reperfusion injury	Via antioxidative, anti-inflammatory, and antiapoptotic pathways	[158]
Agaricoglycerides	Hepatic ischemia/reperfusion injury in mouse	Protect against hepatic injury	↓ inflammatory response, oxidative stress, and expression of NF-κB	[159]
Cannabidiol	Hepatic ischemia/reperfusion injury in mouse	↓ oxidative stress and inflammation and cell death	↓ key inflammatory pathways, independent of classical CB1/2 receptors	[160]
Dioscin	Hepatic ischemia/reperfusion injury in rats	Inhibition of oxidative-nitrative stress, inflammation, and apoptosis	↓ IL-1A, IL-6, TNF-α, intercellular adhesion molecule-1, MIP-1α, MIP-2, Fas, and FasL; ↓ NF-κB, AP-1, COX-2; ↓ JNK, ERK, and p38 MAPKs phosphorylation; ↑ Bcl-2 and Bcl-x	[161]
Delta(8)-tetrahydrocannabivarin	Hepatic ischemia/reperfusion injury in mice	Prevents hepatic injury and inflammation	Cannabinoid CB2 receptors	[162]
Green tea extract	Hepatic injury after hemorrhage/resuscitation in rats	↓ apoptosis, oxidative stress, and inflammation	↓ JNK and NF-κB	[163]
Astaxanthin and Corni fructus	Streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats	↓ glucose concentration; ↓ ROS and lipid peroxidation	↓ advanced glycation end product formation and anti-inflammation	[164]
Resveratrol	Streptozotocin-induced type 1 diabetic rats	↓ oxidative stress and inflammation	↑ Mn-SOD; ↓ NF-κB and IL-1β;	[165]
α-Lipoic acid	Aflatoxin B-1-induced liver damage in broilers	↓ oxidative damage and inflammatory responses	↓ hepatic proinflammatory cytokines; ↓ NF-κB	[166]
Niacin	HepG2 or human primary hepatocytes stimulated with palmitic acid	↓ fat accumulation, oxidative stress, and inflammatory cytokine IL-8	↓ hepatocyte DGAT2 and NADPH oxidase activity	[167]
Quercetin	Tripterygium glycosides-induced acute liver injury in mice	↓ liver injury	↓ oxidative stress and inflammation	[168]
Troxerutin	2,2′,4,4′-Tetrabromodiphenyl ether-induced liver inflammation in mouse	↓ liver inflammation	↓ oxidative stress-mediated NAD^+-depletion	[169]
Geraniol	2-Acetylaminofluorene-induced liver injury in rats	↓ oxidative stress, inflammation, and apoptosis	↓ caspase-3 and caspase-9, COX-2, NF-κB, PCNA, iNOS, VEGF, and disintegration of DNA	[170]
Thymoquinone and curcumin	Gentamicin-induced liver injury in rats	↓ deleterious effects on liver function and histological integrity	↑ antioxidant defense system; ↓ inflammation and apoptosis	[171]
Chrysin	Cisplatin-induced hepatic damage in rats	↓ hepatotoxicity	↓ oxidative stress and inflammatory response	[172]
Bazhen Decoction	Acetaminophen-induced acute liver injury in mice	↓ ALT, AST, ALP, LDH, TNF-α, IL-1β, ROS, TBARS, GSH depletion, and loss of MMP	↑ SOD, CAT, GR, and GPx; ↓ inflammatory mediators; ↓ Bax/Bcl-2 ratio and caspase-3, caspase-8, and caspase-9	[173]
Probiotic Lactobacillus casei Zhang	Endotoxin- and D-galactosamine-induced liver injury in rats	Antioxidative and anti-inflammatory effects	TLR4 signaling	[174]
Lutein	Guinea pigs fed a hypercholesterolemic diet	↓ oxidative stress and inflammation	↓ NF-κB DNA binding activity	[175]
Galangin	Fructose-induced liver damage in rat	↓ oxidative damage	↓ inflammatory pathway	[176]
Ganoderma applanatum terpenes	Benzo(alpha)pyrene-induced liver damage in mouse	Decreased oxidative stress and inflammation	↑ antioxidant enzymes and suppressing inflammatory response	[177]