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| Cell/tissue | Graphene-based nanomaterials | Dose and time incubation | Percentage of inhibition | Effects | Reference |
|
MCF-7
breast | O-GNR-PEG-DSPE (oxidized-graphene nanoribbons O-GNRs with amphiphilic polymer PEG-DSPE) | 10–400 μg/mL
24 h
48 h | 24 h:
400 μg/mL = 15%
48 h:
400 μg/mL = 20% | Slight reduction of cell viability |
Mullick Chowdhury et al. [30] |
GO (1970 nm)
B-rGO (3833 nm) | 0–100 μg/mL
24 h | 100 μg/mL = 42%
100 μg/mL = 64% | (i) Reduction of cell viability
(ii) ROS generation
(iii) Released LDH | Gurunathan et al. [31] |
| GO (153 nm) | 10–80 μg/mL
24 h | 80 μg/mL = 13,1% | Reduction of cell viability | Chaudhari et al. [32] |
|
MDA-MB-231
breast | GO (1880 nm)
GE-rGO (3200 nm) | 0–150 μg/mL
24 h
48 h | 24 h:
150 μg/mL = 40%
48 h:
150 μg/mL = 50%
24 h:
150 μg/mL = 50%
48 h:
150 μg/mL = 70% | (i) Reduction of cell viability
(ii) ROS generation
(iii) Released LDH | Gurunathan et al. [5] |
| GO (156,4 nm) | 100–500 μg/mL
48 h | 500 μg/mL = 40% | (i) Reduction of cell viability
(ii) DNA damage
(iii) Interfered with gene expression (iv) Apoptosis | Liu et al. [13] |
|
SKBR3
breast | O-GNR-PEG-DSPE (oxidized-graphene nanoribbons O-GNRs with amphiphilic polymer PEG-DSPE) | 10–400 μg/mL
24 h
48 h | 24 h:
400 μg/mL = 10%
48 h:
400 μg/mL = 22% | (i) Slight reduction of cell viability
(ii) Slight released LDH | Shim et al. [29] |
|
HeLa
cervix | GQD – PEG | 0–160 μg/mL
24 h | 160 μg/mL = <5% | Slight reduction of cell viability | Chong et al. [16] |
| O-GNR-PEG-DSPE (oxidized-graphene nanoribbons O-GNRs with amphiphilic polymer PEG-DSPE) | 10–400 μg/mL
24 h
48 h | 24 h:
400 μg/mL = 60%
48 h:
400 μg/mL = 63% | (i) Reduction of cell viability
(ii) Released LDH | Mullick Chowdhury et al. [30] |
| GO (graphene oxide) | 0–80 μg/mL
24 h | 80 μg/mL = 50% | (i) Reduction of cell viability
(ii) Released LDH
(iii) Increased MDA
(iv) Decreased SOD
(v) ROS generation | Zhang et al. [33] |
Graphene nanoflakes
80 nm
30 nm | 400 μg/mL
24 h | 80 nm:
400 μg/mL = 14%
30 nm:
400 μg/mL = 29% | Reduction of cell viability | Yoon et al. [34] |
|
| A549 | GQDs with modified groups NH2, COOH, and CO-N (CH3)2 | 0–200 μg/mL
24 h | 200 μg/mL = <20% | Slight reduction of cell viability | Yuan et al. [6] |
GO
1320 nm
130 nm | 10; 50; 100 μg/mL
24 h | 100 μg/mL = 10% | (i) Slight reduction of cell viability
(ii) Genotoxic effect | de Marzi et al. [22] |
GO
HHG (highly hydrogenated graphene) | 0–400 μg/mL
24 h | 400 μg/mL = 57%
400 μg/mL = 74% | Reduction of cell viability | Chng et al. [24] |
GO
s-GO (160 ± 90 nm)
m-GO (430 ± 300 nm)
l-GO (780 ± 410 nm) | 0–200 μg/mL
24 h | s-GO:
200 μg/mL = <33%
m-GO, l-GO:
200 μg/mL = <20% | (i) Reduction of cell viability
(ii) ROS generation | Chang et al. [35] |
| GO nanosheets | 0–100 μg/mL
24 h | 100 μg/mL = 50% | Reduction of cell viability | Hu et al. [36] |
GO nanosheets
rGO nanosheets | 20 μg/mL
85 μg/mL
24 h | 85 μg/mL = 50%
85 μg/mL = 85% | Reduction of cell viability | Hu et al. [37] |
|
HepG2
liver | GO
rGO | 0-200 μg/mL
24 h | EC20 = 10 μg/mL
EC50 = 81 μg/mL
EC20 = 8 μg/mL
EC50 = 46 μg/mL | (i) Reduction of cell viability
(ii) Increased MDA
(iii) ROS generation
(iv) DNA damage
(v) Mitochondrial disorders
(vi) Increase in Bax
(vii) Decrease in Bcl2 | Chatterjee et al. [4] |
|
U87
nerve | GPs (graphene platelets) | 0–100 μg/mL
24 h | 100 μg/mL = 46% | (i) Reduction of cell viability
(ii) Released LDH
(iii) Apoptosis | Jaworski et al. [10] |
GO
100 nm–10 μm
rGO
100 nm–1,5 μm | 0–100 μg/mL
24 h | 100 μg/mL = 28%
100 μg/mL = 64% | (i) Reduction of cell viability
(ii) Apoptosis
(iii) Reduction of cell proliferation | Jaworski et al. [14] |
|
U118
nerve | GPs (graphene platelets) | 0–100 μg/mL
24 h | 100 μg/mL = 42% | (i) Reduction of cell viability
(ii) Released LDH
(iii) Apoptosis | Jaworski et al. [10] |
GO
100 nm–10 μm
rGO
100 nm–1,5 μm | 0–100 μg/mL
24 h | 100 μg/mL = 22%
100 μg/mL = 51% | (i) Reduction of cell viability
(ii) Apoptosis
(iii) Reduction of cell proliferation | Jaworski et al. [14] |
|
U-138
nerve | nGr (nanographene) | 50; 100; 250 μg/mL
24 h | 250 μg/mL = 35% | Reduction of cell viability | Moore et al. [17] |
|
RPMI-8226
peripheral blood | GO | 0–100 μg/mL
24 h | 100 μg/mL = 20% | Slight reduction of cell viability | Wu et al. [38] |
|
PC3
prostate | CRGO: chemically reduced graphene oxide | 0–180 μg/μL
72 h | 160 μg/mL = 60% | Reduction of cell viability | Wang et al. [39] |
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