Review Article
New Pathogenic Concepts and Therapeutic Approaches to Oxidative Stress in Chronic Kidney Disease
Table 1
Markers used to evaluate mitochondrial biogenesis, mitochondrial dynamics, and mitophagy.
| Mechanism | Marker | Function (site) |
| Mitochondrial biogenesis | Subunit 1 of mitochondrial NADH dehydrogenase mitochondrial (MT-ND1). | Subunit of NADH dehydrogenase (mitochondrial inner membrane). | Mitochondrial transcription factor A (TFAM). | Activator of mitochondrial transcription (mitochondria). | Nuclear respiratory factors 1 and 2 (NRF1, NRF2) and estrogen receptor alpha (ERRα). | Transcription factors for mitochondrial biogenesis (nuclei). | Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma, coactivator 1 alpha (beta) (PGC1α, PGC1β). | Transcriptional coactivator that regulates the genes involved in mitochondrial biogenesis (nuclei). |
| Mitochondrial dynamics | Dynamin related protein 1 (Drp-1). Mitochondrial fission protein 1 (Fis1). | Mitochondrial fission. | Sirtuin 3 (SIRT3). | Decreases mitochondrial fission. | Optic atrophy 1 protein (OPA1). Mitofusin-1 (Mfn1) protein. Mitofusin-2 (Mfn2) protein. | Mitochondrial fusion. |
| Mitophagy | Pten-induced kinase 1 (PINK1). | PINK1 activity causes the parkin protein to bind to depolarized mitochondria to induce autophagy. | Parkin protein. | Mediates the targeting of proteins for degradation. | Mitochondrial E3. Ubiquitin ligase 1 (Mul1). | Activator of mitophagy. | FoxO1/FoxO3 transcription factors. | Activators of mitophagy. |
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