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| Effects on NAFLD | Experimental models | Concentration/dose | Pharmacological actions | References |
|
| Modulatory effects on lipid contents | Free fatty acid-induced steatotic L02 hepatocytes | 1–100 μM | ↓TG, ADRP, and SREBP-1 | Chu et al. (2011) [75] |
| High fat/cholesterol/bile salt-fed male ICR mice (for 7 days) | 50–200 mg/kg/d × 6 doses p.o. | ↓hepatic TC and TG | Pan et al. (2008) [76] |
| Male ICR mice | 0.2–1.6 g/kg × 1 dose p.o. | ↑serum/hepatic TG, hepatic index; ↓hepatic TC and no changes in ALT & AST | Pan et al. (2011) [77] |
| Male ICR mice (Sch B in combination with cholesterol/bile salt (2/0.5 g/kg)) | 1 g/kg × 1 dose | ↑serum/hepatic TG, serum TC, and serum ALT and AST | Pan et al. (2013) [78] |
| High fat diet-fed male C57BL/6 mice (for 20 days) | 50 mg/kg/d × 14 doses | ↓hepatic TG and palmitic acid; no changes in plasma TC | Kwan et al. (2015) [79] |
| 24 h fasting male C57BL/6 mice | 0.8 g/kg × 1 dose | ↑plasma TG and TC | Kwan et al. (2015) [79] |
|
| Antioxidant effects against fibrosis | CCl4-induced hepatotoxicity in Balb/c mice | 20 mg/kg × 15 doses p.o. | ↓plasma SDH, hepatic mitochondrial MDA; ↑hepatic mitochondrial GSH | Leong et al. (2012) [80] |
|
| Anti-inflammatory activity | LPS-activated RAW264.7 macrophages | 25–50 μM | ↓TNF-α, IL-6, IL-1β, and NO | Leong et al. (2016) [81] |
|
| Anti-ER stress actions | Palmitic acid-induced steatotic HepG2 hepatocytes | 10–100 μM | ↓GRP78, CHOP, XBP1, and TG | Jang et al. (2016) [82] |
| Tunicamycin-challenged C57BL/6 mice | 1 and 30 mg/kg × 4 doses | ↓GRP78, CHOP, XBP1, TC, and TG | Jang et al. (2016) [82] |
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