Exercise Modulates Oxidative Stress and Inflammation in Aging and Cardiovascular Diseases

Figure 3

Signaling pathways underlying the anti-inflammatory actions of exercise. HSPs = heat shock proteins, IL-1α = interleukin-1-alpha, IL-1ra = interleukin-1 receptor antagonist, IL-1β = interleukin-1 beta, IL-6 = interleukin-6, IL-8 = interleukin-8, IL-10 = interleukin-10, IL-15 = interlukin-15, INFγ = interferon gamma, M1 = macrophage phenotype 1, M2 = macrophage phenotype 2, ROS = reactive oxygen species, sTNFR2 = soluble TNF-α receptor 2, sIL-6R = soluble IL-6 receptor, TLR4 = toll-like receptor-4, TGFβ1 = transforming growth factor beta 1, TNF-α = tumor necrosis factor-alpha, Th1 = Type 1 helper T cell, and Th2 = Type 2 helper T cell.