Exercise Modulates Oxidative Stress and Inflammation in Aging and Cardiovascular Diseases

Figure 4

Signaling pathways underlying the antioxidant actions of exercise. AMPK = AMP-activated protein kinase, AP-1 = activator protein-1, CREB = cAMP-response-element binding, HSPs = heat shock proteins, GPX = glutathione peroxidase, MAPKs = mitogen activated protein kinases, NF-κB = nuclear factor kappa B, OGG1 = oxoguanine DNA glycosylase, PGC-1α = peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma, coactivator 1-alpha, SOD = superoxide dismutase, ROS = reactive oxygen species, TrxR1 = thioredoxin reductase 1, and UDG = uracil DNA glycosylase.