Exercise Modulates Oxidative Stress and Inflammation in Aging and Cardiovascular Diseases

Table 1

Effect of physical activity/exercise on inflammatory mediators in the elderly.

Study	Mediator	Subjects	Tissue	Physical activity/exercise	Effect of physical activity/exercise	Reference
Observational	TNF-α	≥65 years; = 1004	Plasma	Self-reported physical activity	Inverse association between log TNF-α and physical activity	[249]
		65–80 years; = 30	Serum	Regular exercise	Lower percentage in the physically active subgroup	[250]
	CRP	≥65 years; = 5,888	Blood	Self-reported physical activity	Inverse association between physical activity and CRP	[241]
		Men, 58 years; = 391	Blood	Self-reported leisure time physical activity	Inverse association between physical activity and CRP	[242]
		70 to 79 years; = 870	Blood	Self-reported physical activity	Inverse association between CRP and physical activity	[244]
		70 to 79 years; = 3,075	Blood	Previous week exercise and physical activities	Inverse association between physical activity and CRP	[245]
		60 to 79 years; = 3810	Plasma	Self-reported physical activity	Inverse association between CRP and physical activity	[247]
		70 to 79 years; = 880	Plasma	Physical function measures included handgrip strength, signature time, chair stands, and 6-minute walk time	Inverse association between CRP and higher walking speed and grip strength	[248]
		≥65 years; = 1004	Plasma	Self-reported physical activity	Inverse association between and log CRP and physical activity	[249]
		65–80 years; = 30	Serum	Regular exercise	Lower level in the physically active subgroup	[250]
		50 to 70 years; = 3289	Plasma	Self-reported physical activity	Inverse association between CRP and physical activity	[195]
	IL-6	Men,; 65–74 years; = 12	Serum	Self-reported physical activity	Lower levels of IL-6 in the physically active group	[246]
		70 to 79 years; = 3,075	Blood	Previous week exercise and physical activities	Lower level associated with higher level of physical activity	[245]
		70 to 79 years; = 870	Blood	Self-reported physical activities	Inverse association between IL-6 and physical activity	[244]
		≥65 years; = 1004	Plasma	Self-reported physical activity	Inverse association between log IL-6 and physical activity	[249]
		70 to 79 years; = 880	Plasma	Physical function measures included handgrip strength, signature time, chair stands, and 6-minute walk time	Inverse association between IL-6 and higher walking speed	[248]
	IL-10	Men,; 65–74 years; = 12	Serum	Self-reported physical activity	Higher levels of IL-10 in the physically active group	[246]
	CD14+CD16+	65–80 years; = 30	Serum	Regular exercise	Lower percentage in the physically active subgroup	[250]
	Adiponectin	50 to 70 years; = 3289	Plasma	Self-reported physical activity	Direct association between adiponectin and physical activity	[195]
Interventional	TNF-α	≥64 years; = 105	Blood	Aerobic or flexibility/strength exercise for 10 months	Reduced level by aerobic and strength exercise	[266]
		Men, 67 ± 8 years with congestive heart failure; = 28	Plasma	Exercise training for 3 months	Level reduced after training	[267]
		81 ± 1 years; = 13	Skeletal muscle	Exercise training for 3 months	Reduced mRNA and protein levels after training	[268]
		65–80 years,; physically inactive; = 15	Blood	3 days/week endurance and resistance exercise training for 12 weeks	Reduced level compared with pretraining values	[250]
		Postmenopausal women, 65–80 years; = 20	Blood	Regular exercise for previous 6 months	No change in protein or mRNA	[275]
		65–80 years; = 8	Serum	Progressive resistance strength training for 12 weeks	No change	[280]
	sTNF-R1	Overweight/obese sedentary with knee osteoarthritis ≥60 years; = 316	Serum	Combined weight training and walking for 1 h, 3 times/week for 18 months	No change	[277]
	CRP	Type 2 diabetic patients,; >55 years; = 62	Serum	Strength training for 16 weeks	Reduced level after training	[196]
		>64 years; = 105	Blood	Aerobic or flexibility/strength exercise for 10 months	Reduced level by aerobic but not strength exercise	[266]
		Postmenopausal overweight or obese, sedentary women,; 50–75 years; = 115	Serum	Moderate-intensity aerobic exercise for 12 months	Level reduced after training	[269]
		Women with the metabolic syndrome,; 68.7 ± 3.4 years; = 32	Blood	Four sessions of high-intensity aerobic and resistance exercise per week for 12 months	Level reduced after training	[271]
		Patients with CHD, 66.7 ± 11 years; = 235; Controls 63.9 ± 11.1 years; = 42	Blood	Cardiac rehabilitation and exercise training for 3 months	Level reduced after training	[100]
		60 to 85 years; = 30	Serum	Exercise training for 6 months	No change	[276]
		Overweight/obese sedentary with knee osteoarthritis ≥60 years; = 316	Serum	Combined weight training and walking for 1 h, 3 times/week for 18 months	No change	[277]
		Postmenopausal breast cancer survivors,; 50 to 69 years; = 52	Serum	Cycling 3 times/week for 15 weeks	No change	[278]
	IL-6	>64 years; = 105	Blood	Aerobic or flexibility/strength exercise for 10 months	Reduced level by aerobic but not strength exercise	[266]
		70–89 years; = 424	Plasma	Moderate-intensity combination of aerobic, strength, balance, and flexibility exercises for 12 months	Reduced IL-6 level but not CRP	[270]
		Young (20–30 years) and aged (66–76 years) = 60	Blood	Endurance (20 min) and resistance exercise 3 days/week for 12 weeks	Stimulated level was reduced in young and old subjects	[263]
		Postmenopausal women, 65–80 years; = 20	Blood	Regular exercise for 6 months	No change in protein or mRNA	[275]
		Overweight/obese sedentary with knee osteoarthritis ≥60 years; = 316	Serum	Combined weight training and walking for 1 h, 3 times/week for 18 months	No change	[277]
		65–80 years; = 8	Serum	Progressive resistance strength training for 12 weeks	No change	[280]
	IL-1β	65–80 years; = 8	Serum	Progressive resistance strength training for 12 weeks	No change	[280]
	IL-18	>64 years; = 105	Blood	Aerobic or flexibility/strength exercise for 10 months	Reduced level by aerobic but not strength exercise	[266]
	TLR4	Postmenopausal women, 65–80 years	Blood	Regular exercise for 6 months	Lower level in trained versus untrained	[275]
		Young (20–30 years) and aged (66–76 years); = 60	CD14+ cell	Endurance (20 min) and resistance exercise 3 days/week for 12 weeks	Level reduced in young and old subjects	[263]
	CD14+CD16+	65–80 years sedentary; = 15	Blood	Endurance and resistance exercise training for 12 weeks (3 days/week)	Reduced level compared with pretraining values	[250]
	Adiponectin	Type 2 diabetic patients >55 years; = 62	Serum	Strength training for 16 weeks	Increased level after training	[196]