Is Modulation of Oxidative Stress an Answer? The State of the Art of Redox Therapeutic Actions in Neurodegenerative Diseases

Figure 1

Cross talk between oxidative stress, inflammation, and neurodegeneration. The different reactive species are produced by several cell types, either by resident brain cells (i.e., glia) or by infiltrated leukocytes (i.e., monocytes/macrophages and dendritic cells), and affect both inflammatory processes, by enhancing cytokine release from proinflammatory T cells, and neurodegeneration, by inducing neuronal cell death and axonal loss. : superoxide radical anion; : hydroxyl radical; : peroxyl radical; : hydroperoxyl radical; H₂O₂: hydrogen peroxide; : nitric oxide; Th: T-helper.