Research Article
The Effect of Lycopene Preexposure on UV-B-Irradiated Human Keratinocytes
Table 1
Limitations of different vehicles used for lycopene cell delivery (adapted from Lin et al. [
27]).
| Vehicle | Limitations | References |
| Tetrahydrofuran (THF) | Rapid oxidation in media, leading to lycopene instability and cytotoxicity | [17, 20, 22, 28–32] |
| Dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) | Reduced solvent capacity for carotenoids (0.01 mg/mL for lycopene) | [20, 33–35] |
| Tween | Possible oxidation of carotenoids, after solvent drying and filtration | [31] |
| Micelles | Low carotenoid stabilization and increased cytotoxicity | [20, 27, 36] |
| Water-dispersible beadlets | Low toxicity, but also low cellular uptake, depends on chemicals that interfere in assays (e.g., hexane and chloroform) | [29, 37, 38] |
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