The Role of Mitochondrial Reactive Oxygen Species in Cardiovascular Injury and Protective Strategies

Table 1

Mitochondrial sources of ROS generation.

ROS sources	Experimental model: references
Inner membrane
CI (NADH dehydrogenase): inner side	(i) Bovine hearts: [75–83]; (ii) Rat heart: [80, 84–86]; (iii) Rat brain: [60, 86, 87]; (iv) Rat lung: [88]; (v) Rat liver: [84]; (vi) Rat skeletal muscle: [84, 89–91]; (vii) Cell cultures: [79]; (viii) Human brain: [87]
CII (succinate dehydrogenase): inner side	(i) Rat heart: [92, 93]; (ii) Bovine heart: [94–96]; (iii) Rat brain: [97]; (iv) Rat skeletal muscle: [98]; (v) Yeast: [99]; (vi) E. coli: [100]
CIII (ubiquinol-cytochrome c reductase): inner and outer side	(i) Bovine heart: [95, 96, 101, 102]; (ii) Rat heart: [84, 103, 104]; (iii) Rat liver: [84, 105]; (iv) Rat brain: [104]; (v) Rat skeletal muscle: [84]; (vi) Mouse skeletal muscle: [106]; (vii) R. capsulatus strains: [107]
Hyperphosphorylation of CIV (cytochrome c oxidase)	(i) Rabbit hearts and mouse monocyte macrophages: [108]
Glycerophosphate dehydrogenase (a.k.a. glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase, a.k.a. mGPDH): outer side	(i) Mouse heart, brain, and kidney: [109]; (ii) Hamster brown adipose tissue: [110]; (iii) Drosophila: [111]
Dihydroorotate dehydrogenase (DHO): outer side	(i) Rat brain & liver: [112]; (ii) Rat skeletal muscle: [113]; (iii) Rat tissues (skeletal muscle, liver, GI tract, etc.): [114]; (iv) Cell lines: [115]; (v) Human skin and kidney: [114]
Intermembrane space
p66 (growth factor adaptor Shc)	(i) Mouse liver: [116]; (ii) Mouse aorta: [117]
Matrix
Aconitase (mitochondrial- (m-) aconitase)	(i) Bovine heart: [118]
Alpha-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase complex (KGDHC, a.k.a. 2-oxoglutarate dehydrogenase)	(i) Bovine heart: [119]; (ii) Mouse brain: [120]
Outer membrane
Cytochrome b5 reductase	(i) Human brain tissue: [121]
Monoamine oxidases (MAO-A and MAO-B)	(i) Rat brain: [122]; (ii) Rat hearts: [123]; (iii) Mouse liver, kidney, and heart: [124–126]; (iv) Mouse aorta: [127]; (v) Rat aorta: [128]; (vi) Cell line: [129]; (vii) Human atrial samples: [130]