Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity

Review Article

A Potential Alternative against Neurodegenerative Diseases: Phytodrugs

Table 1

Main biological effects of phytodrugs in neurodegenerative diseases models.


Effect	Plant compound/extract	Model	Disease/condition	Reference

Antiapoptotic and/or cell viability	Anemopaegma mirandum extracts.	In vitro	Rotenone model in SH-SY5Y cells.	[137]
	Pueraria thomsonii.	In vitro	6-OHDA model in PC12 cells.	[155]
	Cistanche salsa.	In vivo	MPP⁺ mice model.	[127]
	Gastrodia elata extract.	In vitro	MPP⁺ model in SH-SY5Y cells.	[141]
	Rosmarinus officinalis extract.	In vitro	Aβ model in cortical neurons.	[168]
	Chrysanthemum morifolium extract.	In vitro	MPP⁺ model in SH-SY5Y cells.	[126]
	Panax notoginseng.	In vitro	MPTP model in mesencephalic neurons.	[151]
	Piperine (Figure 2(d)).	In vitro	Rotenone model in SH-SY5Y cells.	[104]
	L-theanine, from green tea (Figure 3(b)).	In vitro	H₂O₂ model in SH-SY5Y cells.	[16]
	Toki-to, mixed medicinal herbs.	In vitro In vivo	6-OHDA model in PC12 cells. 6-OHDA rat model.	[158]
	Nobiletin, a flavonoid from citrus peels.	In vitro In vivo	H₂O₂ model in PC12 cells. Rat artery occlusion model.	[95]
	Psoralea corylifolia.	In vitro In vivo	MPP⁺ model in CHO cells and SK-N-SH cells. MPTP mice and rat model.	[161]
	Chrysanthemum morifolium extract.	In vitro	MPP⁺ model in SH-SY5Y cell.	[126]
	Uncaria rhynchophylla extract.	In vitro	Rotenone model in SH-SY5Y cells.	[146]
	Polyphenolic extract from Vitis vinifera.	In vitro	Rotenone model in SH-SY5Y cells.	[93]
	Withania somnifera extract.	In vitro In vivo	MPP⁺ model in CHO cells and SK-N-SH cells. MPTP mice and rat model.	[154]
	Paeonol from Paeonia suffruticosa or Paeonia lactiflora.	In vitro In vivo	MPP⁺ model in PC12 cells. MPP⁺ mice model.	[14]
	Ipomoea batatas PoirCv.	In vitro	Aβ model in PC12 cells.	[121]
	Biotransformed blueberry juice by Serratia vaccinii bacteria.	In vitro	H₂O₂ model in neuronal cells.	[61]
	Polyphenolic from cocoa.	In vivo	Aged rats.	[76]
	Salvia miltiorrhiza.	In vitro In vivo	Cortical neurons overexpressing APP695. APP/PS1 transgenic mice.	[88]
	Opuntia dillenii.	In vitro In vivo	NMDA model in cortical neurons. Rat artery occlusion model.	[169]
	Selaginellin from Saussurea pulvinata.	In vivo	Aβ mice model.	[63]
	Mucuna pruriens.	In vivo	APP-SL 7-5 transgenic mice APP695.	[157]
	Urundeuvines A, B, and C chalcones from Myracrodruon urundeuva.	In vivo	6-OHDA model in mesencephalic cells.	[147]

Cell survival	Bacopa monnieri extract.	In vitro	Aβ model in cortical neurons.	[113]
	Dioscorea opposita.	In vitro In vivo	H₂O₂ or glutamate model in cortical neurons. Scopolamine mice model.	[106]
	Nobiletin, flavonoid from citrus peels.	In vitro In vivo	H₂O₂ model in PC12 cells. Rat artery occlusion model.	[95]
	Opuntia dillenii.	In vitro In vivo	NMDA model in cortical neurons. Rat artery occlusion model.	[169]
	Pelargonidin (Figure 1(o)).	In vivo	Ethylcholine aziridinium ion model (AF64A).	[133]
	Psoralea corylifolia.	In vitro In vivo	MPP⁺ model in CHO cells and SK-N-SH cells. MPTP mice and rat model.	[161]
	Withania somnifera extract.	In vitro In vivo	MPP⁺ model in CHO cells and SK-N-SH cells. MPTP mice and rat model.	[154]
	Paeonol from Paeonia suffruticosa or Paeonia lactiflora.	In vitro In vivo	MPP⁺ model in PC12 cells. MPP⁺ mice model.	[14]
	Pedicularioside A from Buddleia lindleyana.	In vivo	6-OHDA rat model.	[145]
	Silybum marianum.	In vivo	MPTP mice model.	[172]
	Toki-to, mixed medicinal herbs.	In vitro In vivo	6-OHDA model in PC12 cells. 6-OHDA rat model.	[158]
	Urundeuvines A, B and C chalcones from Myracrodruon urundeuva.	In vivo	6-OHDA model in mesencephalic cells.	[147]
	Salvia miltiorrhiza.	In vitro In vivo	Cortical neurons overexpressing APP695. APP/PS1 transgenic mice.	[88]
	Centella asiatica extract.	In vivo	PSAPP mice.	[92]
	Ipomoea batatas PoirCv.	In vitro	Aβ model in PC12 cells.	[121]
	Mucuna pruriens.	In vivo	APP-SL 7-5 model in transgenic mice APP695.	[157]
	Valeriana officinalis extract.	In vivo	Tg2576 transgenic mice.	[138]
	Luteolin.	In vitro	LPS model in mesencephalic neuron-glia and microglia cells.	[143]
	Panax notoginseng.	In vitro	MPTP model in mesencephalic neuron.	[151]
	Piperine (Figure 2(d)).	In vitro	Rotenone model in SH-SY5Y cells.	[104]
	L-theanine, from green tea (Figure 3(b)).	In vitro	H₂O₂ model in SH-SY5Y cells.	[16]
	Tripterygium regelii methanolic extract.	In vitro	6-OHDA model in mesencephalic cells.	[140]

Antioxidant	Biotransformed blueberry juice by Serratia vaccinii bacteria.	In vitro	H₂O₂ model in neuronal cell.	[61]
	Rosmarinus officinalis.	In vitro In vivo	H₂O₂ or rotenone model in SH-SY5Y cells. Dieldrin model in SN4741 cells. Aged rats.	[166]
	Centella asiatica extract.	In vivo	PSAPP mice.	[92]
	Chrysanthemum morifolium extract.	In vitro	MPP⁺ model in SH-SY5Y cell.	[126]
	Ipomoea batatas PoirCv.	In vitro	Aβ model in PC12 cells.	[121]
	Gastrodia elata extract.	In vitro	MPP⁺ model in SH-SY5Y cells.	[141]
	Nobiletin, flavonoid from citrus peels.	In vitro In vivo	H₂O₂ model in PC12 cells. Rat artery occlusion model.	[95]
	Opuntia dillenii.	In vitro In vivo	NMDA model in cortical neurons. Rat artery occlusion model.	[169]
	Methanolic extracts from Salvia species.	In vitro	Glutamate model in PC12 cells.	[62]
	Toki-to, mixed medicinal herbs.	In vitro In vivo	6-OHDA model in PC12 cells. 6-OHDA rat model.	[158]
	Tripterygium regelii methanolic extract.	In vitro	6-OHDA model in mesencephalic cells.	[140]
	Vincamine from Vinca minor (Figure 2(c)).	In vivo	Mice.	[80]
	Paeonol from Paeonia suffruticosa or Paeonia lactiflora.	In vitro In vivo	MPP⁺ model in PC12 cells. MPP⁺ mice model.	[14]
	Oxyresveratrol and resveratrol from Smilacis chinae rhizome (Figure 1(c)).	In vivo	d-galactose mice model.	[171]
	Rhus verniciflua extract.	In vitro	H₂O₂ model in PC12 cells.	[139]
	Salvia miltiorrhiza.	In vitro In vivo	Cortical neurons overexpressing APP695. APP/PS1 transgenic mice.	[88]
	Bacopa monnieri extract.	In vivo	Aβ model in cortical neurons.	[113]
	Buddleia lindleyana.	In vivo	6-OHDA rat model.	[145]
	Pelargonidin (Figure 1(o)).	In vivo	Ethylcholine aziridinium ion model (AF64A).	[133]
	Samjunghwan, multiherbal extract.	In vivo	Acute ischemic stroke model.	[107]

Motor/cognitive improvement	Silybum marianum.	In vivo	MPTP mice model.	[172]
	Methanolic extracts from species of Salvia.	In vitro	Glutamate model in PC12 cells.	[62]
	Pedicularioside A from Buddleia lindleyana.	In vivo	6-OHDA rat model.	[145]
	Paeonol from Paeonia suffruticosa or Paeonia lactiflora.	In vitro In vivo	MPP⁺ model in PC12 cells. MPP⁺ mice model.	[14]
	Oxyresveratrol & resveratrol from Smilacis chinae rhizome (Figure 1(c)).	In vivo	d-galactose mice model.	[171]
	Magnolia officinalis.	In vivo	SAMP8 mice.	[81]
	Cistanche salsa.	In vivo	MPP⁺ mice model.	[127]
	Polyphenolic compounds extracted from cocoa.	In vivo	Aged rats.	[76]
	Luteolin.	In vitro	LPS model in mesencephalic neuron-glia and microglia cells.	[143]
	Cassia obtusifolia.	In vivo	Scopolamine model. Transient cerebral hypoperfusion model.	[102]
	Dioscorea opposita.	In vitro In vivo	H₂O₂ or glutamate model in cortical neurons. Scopolamine mice model.	[106]
	Korean red ginseng.	Clinical trials	AD patients.	[122]
	Pelargonidin (Figures 1(d) and 1(e)).	In vivo	Ethylcholine aziridinium ion model (AF64A).	[133]
	Saussurea pulvinata.	In vivo	Aβ mice model.	[63]
	Toki-to, mixed medicinal herbs.	In vitro In vivo	6-OHDA model in PC12 cells. 6-OHDA rat model.	[158]
	Valeriana officinalis extract.	In vivo	Tg2576 transgenic mice.	[138]
	Piperine (Figure 2(d)).	In vitro	Rotenone model in SH-SY5Y cells.	[104]
	L-theanine, from green tea (Figure 3(b)).	In vitro	H₂O₂ model in SH-SY5Y cells.	[16]

Anti-inflammatory	Zingiberis Rhizoma hexane extract.	In vitro	LPS model in BV-2 microglia cells.	[69]
	Ficus religiosa leaf.	In vitro	LPS model in BV-2 microglia cells.	[68]
	Luteolin.	In vitro	LPS model in mesencephalic neuron-glia and microglia cells.	[143]
	Samjunghwan, multiherbal extract.	In vivo	Acute ischemic stroke model.	[107]
	Saussurea pulvinata.	In vivo	Aβ mice model.	[63]
	Silybum marianum.	In vivo	MPTP mice model.	[172]
	Rosmarinus officinalis.	In vitro	H₂O₂ or rotenone model in SH-SY5Y cells.
		In vitro	Dieldrin model in SN4741 cells.	[166]
		In vivo	Aged rats.
	Nobiletin, flavonoid from citrus peels.	In vitro In vivo	H₂O₂ model in PC12 cells. Rat artery occlusion model.	[95]
	Cassia obtusifolia.	In vivo	Scopolamine model. Transient cerebral hypoperfusion model.	[102]
	Methoxsalen from Poncirus trifoliate.	In vivo	Trimethyltin mice model.	[15]
	Pelargonidin (Figure 1(o)).	In vivo	Ethylcholine aziridinium ion model (AF64A).	[133]
	Tripterygium regelii methanolic extract.	In vitro	6-OHDA model in mesencephalic cells.	[140]

6-OHDA: 6-hydroxydopamine; A: beta-peptide amyloid aggregation; LPS: lipopolysaccharide; MPP⁺:1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium; MPTP: 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine; NMDA: -methyl-D-aspartate.