Chlorinated Phospholipids and Fatty Acids: (Patho)physiological Relevance, Potential Toxicity, and Analysis of Lipid Chlorohydrins

Table 2

Survey of selected diseases where myeloperoxidase (MPO) presumably represents a suitable “biomarker.” The alterations of MPO concentration and/or activity are emphasized.

Disease	Changes of MPO	Matrix	Method	Ref.
Arthritis
Rheumatoid arthritis	Increased activity/concentration	SF	ELISA	[120]
	Increased concentration	Serum	ELISA	[121]
		Plasma, SF	ELISA	[122]
	Increased activity	SF	NMR	[123]
Juvenile idiopathic arthritis	Increased concentration	Serum	Serum	[124]
		Plasma	ELISA	[125]
Atherosclerosis
	Increased concentration	Plasma	ELISA	[126]
		Mixed with lipoproteins	ELISA	[127]
		AP	IHC; western blot	[128]
			HPLC, western blot	[129]
	Increased release by culprit plaque samples	CP	ELISA	[130]
	Increased activity	AP	Spectrophotometry	[131]
Diabetes
	Increased level	Serum	Spectrophotometry	[132]
	Increased activity at higher G allele, anti-inflammatory effect of mutant A allele	MPO -463 G/A SNP	PCR	[133]
	Increased concentration	Plasma	ELISA	[134]
	Decreased activity	Neutrophilic cell lysate	Spectrophotometry	[135]
Neurodegenerative  diseases
Alzheimer’s disease	Increased concentration	Plasma	ELISA	[136]
	Expression	Astrocytes	Confocal microscopy, IHC	[137]
	Increased Expression	Brain tissue	Immunoblot, IHC, PCR	[138]
Parkinson’s disease	Expression	Brain tissue	IHC	[139]
Multiple sclerosis	Increased activity/concentration	Cerebral Cortex	Colorimetric analysis	[140]
	Expression	Microglia	IHC	[141]
Systemic lupus erythematosus
	Increased concentration	Serum	ELISA	[121]
		Plasma	ELISA	[142]
Lung diseases
Acute pulmonary tuberculosis	Increased concentration	Serum	EIA	[143]
COPD	Increased levels	Sputum	Meta-analysis	[144]
			ELISA	[145, 146]
Cystic fibrosis	Increased concentration	Sputum	ELISA	[147]

SF, synovial fluid; AP, atherosclerotic plaque; COPD, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; CP, culprit plaque; EIA, Enzyme Immunoassay; ELISA, Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay; HPLC, High Performance Liquid Chromatography; IHC, immunohistochemistry; NMR, Nuclear Magnetic Resonance; SNP, Single Nucleotide Polymorphism.