Antioxidant Capacity Determination in Plants and Plant-Derived Products: A Review

Table 3

Significant examples of total antioxidant capacity assessment in plants.

Number	Analysed products (extracts)	Compounds determined	Applied analytical technique	Health benefits as they appear in the cited studies	Ref.
(1)	Leaves from cherry tree, peach tree, plum tree, olive tree, pear tree, apple tree, pistachio, and chestnut	(i) Total phenols; (ii) Nonflavonoids phenol; (iii) Total antioxidant capacity	(i) DPPH assay; (ii) FRAP assay	Used in pharmaceutical purposes and also act as natural pesticides and beverage ingredients	[162]
(2)	Leaf extracts from six Vitis vinifera L. varieties	(i) Total phenols; (ii) Flavonoids, nonflavonoids, and flavanols; (iii) Total antioxidant capacity	(i) HPLC; (ii) DPPH assay; (iii) FRAP assay	Antimicrobial activity	[163]
(3)	Tropical herbs: Momordica charantia, Centella asiatica, and Morinda citrifolia	(i) Catechin; (ii) Total antioxidant capacity	(i) HPLC; (ii) DPPH assay; (iii) FRAP assay	Inhibitors of pancreatic lipase activity	[164]
(4)	Edible and medicinal Acacia albida organs (leaves and bark)	(i) Polyphenols; (ii) Total antioxidant capacity	(i) HPLC; (ii) DPPH assay; (iii) ABTS assay	Traditionally used to treat colds, flu, fever, tooth decay, vomiting, diarrhea, urinary disorders, malaria, and inflammation	[165]
(5)	Citrus fruits	Total antioxidant capacity	(i) HPLC free radical scavenging detection; (ii) DPPH assay; (iii) ABTS assay		[166]
(6)	Salvia sp. and Plantago sp.	(i) Total phenolic content; (ii) Total antioxidant capacity	(i) UV-Vis fingerprint; (ii) DPPH assay	Helpful in preventing different diseases	[167]
(7)	Ajuga iva (leaf extracts)	(i) Total phenolic content; (ii) Total flavonoids; (iii) Total antioxidant capacity	(i) DPPH assay; (ii) FRAP assay	Diuretic, cardiac tonic, and hypoglycemic	[168]
(8)	Filipendula vulgaris	(i) Total phenolic content; (ii) Total antioxidant capacity	(i) DPPH assay; (ii) ABTS assay	(i) Antibacterial activity; (ii) Fights against inflammatory diseases, rheumatoid arthritis, and gout	[169]
(9)	Asphodelus aestivus Brot.	Total antioxidant capacity	(i) FRAP assay; (ii) DPPH assay; (iii) ABTS assay	(i) Are used against hemorrhoids, nephritis, burns, and wounds; (ii) Gastroprotective effect against ethanol-induced lesions	[170]
(10)	Melia azedarach (Chinaberry) (bark extract)	Total antioxidant capacity	DPPH assay	Antimicrobial agents in various infectious diseases	[171]
(11)	Bitter bean, Parkia speciosa	(i) Total phenolic constituents; (ii) Total antioxidant capacity	(i) HPLC; (ii) Folin-Ciocalteu method; (iii) DPPH assay; (iv) ABTS assay	(i) Antibacterial effects on kidney, ureter, and urinary bladder; (ii) Diuretic and relaxing properties; (iii) Seed extracts were reported to possess hypoglycemic, anticancer, and antiangiogenic activities	[172]
(12)	Brassica oleracea L.	(i) Glucosinolates; (ii) Total phenolic constituents; (iii) Ascorbic acid; (iv) Total antioxidant capacity	(i) HPLC; (ii) Folin-Ciocalteu method; (iii) DPPH assay	(i) Neutralizes carcinogens; (ii) Attenuates cancer cell division; (iii) Accelerates the atrophy; of cancer cells with damaged DNA	[116]
(13)	Grape pomace seed and skin extracts	(i) Total phenols; (ii) Total anthocyanins; (iii) Total tannins; (iv) Total antioxidant capacity	(i) HPLC MS; (ii) DPPH assay; (iii) TEAC assay; (iv) ABTS assay; (v) Folin-Ciocalteu method	Limit the oxidation of nucleic acids, proteins, and lipids, which may initiate degenerative diseases	[173]
(14)	Diplotaxis simplex (Brassicaceae); (flower, leaf, and stem extracts)	(i) Total phenols, flavonoids, and proanthocyanidins; (ii) Total antioxidant capacity	ORAC assay	Anti-inflammatory activity	[174]
(15)	Cereal grains (24 cereal grains from China)	(i) Total phenolic constituents; (ii) Total antioxidant capacity	(i) FRAP assay; (ii) TEAC assay; (iii) HPLC; (iv) Folin-Ciocalteu method	Reduces the risk of cardiovascular diseases and reduces type II diabetes, ischemic stroke, and some cancers	[105]
(16)	Some cereals and legumes	(i) Total phenolic constituents; (ii) Total antioxidant capacity	(i) Folin-Ciocalteu method; (ii) DPPH assay; (iii) FRAP assay	(i) Reduces the incidence of age-related chronic diseases; (ii) Reduces heart diseases and some types of cancer	[175]
(17)	Clusia fluminensis Planch. & Triana	(i) Flavonoids content; (ii) Total antioxidant capacity	(i) Photometric; assay based on aluminum chloride complex formation; (ii) DPPH assay	(i) Antifungicidal activity; (ii) Protection against cardiovascular diseases	[176]
(18)	Bitter cumin (Cuminum nigrum L.)	(i) Total phenolic constituents; (ii) Total antioxidant capacity	(i) HPLC; (ii) DPPH assay	(i) Antibacterial activity; (ii) Reduces risk of cancer and cardiovascular diseases	[106]
(19)	Essential oils of Cynanchum chinense and Ligustrum compactum	Total antioxidant capacity	(i) DPPH assay; (ii) ABTS assay	(i) Anticonvulsant; (ii) Antitumor; (iii) Antimicrobial	[177]
(20)	Caspicum annum L. grossum sendt.; Rosmarinus officinalis	(i) Total phenolic constituents; (ii) Total antioxidant capacity	(i) Folin-Ciocalteu method; (ii) ABTS assay		[178]
(21)	Diospyros bipindensis (Gürke)	(i) Plumbagin, canaliculatin, ismailin, betulinic acid, and 4-hydroxy-5-methyl-coumarin; (ii) Total antioxidant capacity	(i) HPLC, NMR, and MS analyses; (ii) DPPH assay; (iii) ABTS assay; (iv) ORAC assay	Anti-inflammatory and antimicrobial activities	[179]
(22)	Carissa opaca fruits	Total flavonoids content	HPLC	(i) Antibacterial activity; (ii) Anticancer activity; (iii) Antitumoral activity	[102]
(23)	Artemisia capillaris herba	(i) Total phenolic constituents; (ii) Total antioxidant capacity	(i) HPLC MS; (ii) DPPH assay; (iii) β-carotene bleaching method	(i) Cholagogic, antipyretic, anti-inflammatory, and diuretic in jaundice; (ii) Used against inflammation of the liver and cholecyst	[114]
(24)	Lantana camara (various parts: leaf, root, fruit, and flower)	(i) Total phenolic constituents; (ii) Total antioxidant capacity	(i) DPPH assay; (ii) Folin-Ciocalteu method	Used against itches, cuts, ulcers, rheumatism, eczema, malaria, tetanus, and bilious fever	[180]
(25)	Grape extracts	(i) Total phenolic constituents; (ii) Total anthocyanins; (iii) Tannins; (iv) Total antioxidant capacity	(i) Folin-Ciocalteu method; (ii) Binding with polyvinylpyrrolidone; (iii) ABTS assay		[181]
(26)	Scutellaria baicalensis radix	Total antioxidant capacity	DPPH assay	Used in hepatitis and inflammation of the respiratory and gastrointestinal tract	[182]
(27)	Lycium species	(i) Total phenolic constituents; (ii) Total antioxidant capacity	(i) HPLC; (ii) DPPH assay	Diuretic, antipyretic, tonic, aphrodisiac, hypnotic, hepatoprotective, and emmenagogic	[107]
(28)	Dried fruits consumed in Algeria (prunes, apricots, figs, and raisins)	(i) Total phenolic constituents; (ii) Total anthocyanins; (iii) Total antioxidant capacity	(i) Folin-Ciocalteu method; (ii) DPPH assay; (iii) Phosphomolybdenum method	Reduce the risk of cancer and heart disease	[183]
(29)	Rubus grandifolius Lowe (leaves, flowers, and berries)	(i) Total antioxidant capacity; (ii) Total phenolic constituents	(i) DPPH assay; (i) ABTS assay; (iii) FRAP assay; (iv) HPLC	Acts as astringent and as remedy for diabetes and is depurative and diuretic and relieves sore throat	[184]
(30)	Red pitaya (Hylocereus polyrhizus) seed	(i) Total antioxidant capacity; (ii) Total phenolic constituents; (iii) Flavonoids content	(i) DPPH assay; (ii) Folin-Ciocalteu method; (iii) HPLC		[185]
(31)	Cornelian cherry, Japanese persimmon, and cherry laurel	(i) Total phenolic content; (ii) Total flavonoids content; (iii) Total antioxidant capacity	(i) Folin-Ciocalteu method; (ii) DPPH assay; (iii) FRAP assay; (iv) CUPRAC assay	Able to provide prevention of diseases	[186]
(32)	Inula crithmoides L.	(i) Total phenolic content; (ii) Total antioxidant capacity	(i) Folin-Ciocalteu method; (ii) DPPH assay	Antibacterial, antifungal, and cytotoxic	[187]
(33)	Lycium intricatum Boiss.	(i) Total phenolic content; (ii) Total antioxidant capacity	(i) Folin-Ciocalteu method; (ii) HPLC; (iii) DPPH assay; (iv) ABTS assay; (v) FRAP assay	Decreases the risk of diseases such as cancer, neurodegenerative disorders, and cardiovascular diseases	[188]
(34)	Millingtonia hortensis Linn. parts (leaves, stem, root, and flower)	(i) Total phenolic content; (ii) Total antioxidant capacity	(i) Folin-Ciocalteu method; (ii) DPPH assay	Reduces risks of diabetes, cancer, and cardiovascular diseases	[189]
(35)	Ononis natrix	(i) Total phenolic content; (ii) Total antioxidant capacity	(i) Folin-Ciocalteu method; (ii) DPPH assay	Antimicrobial activities	[190]
(36)	Citrus grandis Osbeck	Total antioxidant capacity	DPPH assay		[191]
(37)	Sorbus torminalis (L.) Crantz (wild service tree) fruits	(i) Total phenolic content; (ii) Total flavonoids content; (iii) Total antioxidant capacity	(i) Folin-Ciocalteu method; (ii) ABTS assay; (iii) DPPH assay	Used in treatment of cardiac diseases and Alzheimer’s disease	[192]
(38)	Rosmarinus officinalis	(i) Total phenolic content; (ii) Total antioxidant capacity	(i) HPLC; (ii) DPPH assay; (iii) TEAC assay		[104]
(39)	Sapindus mukorossi Gaertn.	(i) Total phenolic content; (ii) Total antioxidant capacity	(i) Folin-Ciocalteu method; (ii) DPPH assay	Fights against heart disease, aging, diabetes mellitus, and cancer	[193]
(40)	11 medicinal Algerian plants	(i) Total phenolic content; (ii) Total antioxidant capacity	(i) Folin-Ciocalteu method; (ii) HPLC; (iii) ABTS assay; (iv) TEAC assay	Antitumoral, anticancer, analgesic, diuretic, analgesic, and so forth	[103]
(41)	Six Teucrium arduini L. populations	(i) Total phenolic content; (ii) Total antioxidant capacity	(i) Folin-Ciocalteu method; (ii) FRAP assay; (iii) ABTS assay; (iv) DPPH assay	Hypoglycemic, antipyretic, antiulcerative, and antibacterial	[194]
(42)	Vitex agnus-castus (Vitex AC)	Total antioxidant capacity	(i) ABTS assay; (ii) DPPH assay; (iii) FRAP assay; (iv) CUPRAC assay	Cytotoxic activities against various types of cancer cells	[195]
(43)	Andrographis paniculata	(i) Total antioxidant capacity; (ii) Total phenolic content; (iii) Total andrographolides concentration	(i) DPPH assay; (ii) FRAP assay; (iii) CUPRAC assay; (iv) HPLC-DAD; (v) LC-MS/MS; (vi) GC-MS	(i) Treats dyspepsia, influenza, dysentery, malaria and respiratory infections; (ii) Antidote for snakebites and poisonous stings; (iii) Active in cytotoxicity tests against cancer cell lines	[111]
(44)	Hypericum perforatum L., Matricaria recutita L., Achillea millefolium L., Thymus vulgaris L., and Salvia officinalis L.	(i) Total antioxidant capacity; (ii) Total phenolic content	(i) Thin layer chromatography; (ii) LC MS; (iii) DPPH assay	Anti-inflammatory, antiviral, antimicrobial, antiallergic, anticancer, antiulcer, and antidiarrheal	[91]
(45)	Celastrus paniculatus Willd.	Total antioxidant capacity	(i) DPPH assay; (ii) FRAP assay; (iii) TEAC assay; (iv) GC MS	Calmant	[196]
(46)	Cerrado Brazilian fruits	(i) Total phenolic content; (ii) Total antioxidant capacity	(i) Folin-Ciocalteu method; (ii) ABTS assay	Chemopreventive effects	[197]
(47)	Buckwheat (Fagopyrum esculentum Moench)	(i) Total phenolic content; (ii) Total antioxidant capacity	(i) HPLC; (ii) DPPH assay		[198]
(48)	Green and black tea infusions, herbal infusions, and fresh fruit extracts	Total antioxidant capacity	Potentiometric and flow injection		[161]
(49)	Cocoa beans (raw, preroasted, and roasted)	(i) Total phenolic content; (ii) Total antioxidant capacity	(i) Folin-Ciocalteu method; (ii) DPPH assay; (iii) ABTS assay		[199]
(50)	Rapeseed and its products	(i) Total phenolic content; (ii) Total antioxidant capacity	(i) Silver nanoparticle-based method; (ii) Folin-Ciocalteu method; (iii) DPPH assay; (iv) FRAP assay		[200]
(51)	Edible plants (broccoli, cauliflower, strawberry, tomato, potato, and corn)	Total antioxidant capacity	Cyclic voltammetry		[201]
(52)	Herb extracts from the Labiatae family	Total antioxidant capacity	(i) DPPH assay; (ii) Amperometric	Antioxidant in food industry	[202]
(53)	Indian mushrooms (Agaricus bisporus, Hypsizygus ulmarius, and Calocybe indica)	(i) Total phenolic content; (ii) Total antioxidant capacity	(i) DPPH assay; (ii) FRAP assay; (iii) Folin-Ciocalteu method; (iv) Cyclic voltammetry	Provides health benefits and protection against degenerative diseases	[203]
(54)	Three types of algae: Spirulina subsalsa and Selenastrum capricornutum (both cultivated) and (powdered) Spirulina maxima	Total antioxidant capacity	(i) Amperometric using the enzymatic biosensor with superoxide dismutase; (ii) Cyclic voltammetry	Antiaging potential	[204]
(55)	Buckwheat sprouts (roots obtained from dark- and light-grown)	Total antioxidant capacity	(i) TEAC assay; (ii) Cyclic voltammetry		[205]
(56)	Tea infusions	(i) Total phenolic content; (ii) Total antioxidant capacity	(i) HPLC; (ii) Cyclic voltammetry	Reduce blood glucose level	[206]
(57)	Coriandrum sativum	Antioxidant terpenes	HPTLC	digestive, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, hypolipidemic, antimutagenic, and anticarcinogenic	[96]
(58)	Scoparia dulcis	Flavonoids and terpenoids	HPTLC	Antibacterial, antifungal, antiherpetic, anti-inflammatory, antiseptic, antispasmodic, antiviral, cytotoxic, emmenagogic, emollient, febrifuge, and hypotensive	[95]
(59)	Acacia confusa	(i) Total phenolic content; (ii) Total antioxidant capacity	(i) Folin-Ciocalteu method; (ii) DPPH assay	Used for wound healing and antiblood stasis	[207]
(60)	Teas and herbal infusions	(i) Total phenolic content; (ii) Total antioxidant capacity	(i) Folin-Ciocalteu method; (ii) DPPH assay; (iii) FRAP assay; (iv) ABTS assay; (v) Polarographic		[208]
(61)	Extra virgin oils	Total phenolic content	Voltammetric		[209]
(62)	Selected wines	(i) Total phenolic content; (ii) Total antioxidant capacity	(i) Folin-Ciocalteu method; (ii) DPPH assay; (iii) Differential pulse voltammetry		[210]
(63)	Fruits (raspberry, strawberry, and berry fruit) and vegetables (carrot, tomato, and rhubarb)	Antioxidant capacity	Differential pulse voltammetry		[211]