The longest latencies and path lengths to locate the hidden platform in V-IH
The highest MDA, isoprostane, and oxo8DG/oxo8G in the cortex and hippocampal CA1 region of V-IH. PNU-101033E decreased OS level and improved neurocognitive deficits
() Transgenic mice overexpressing SOD + IH; C578L/6J mice + IH () Cortical neurons + CIH
() Mice + RA () Cortical neurons + RA
ROS production in cortical neurons, MDA, and protein oxidation
Reduced spatial learning deficits in the mice exposure to CIH
Elevated ROS production in cortical neuronal cortex and apoptotic neuronal cell. Transgenic mice showing reduced cortical neuron apoptosis and ROS production
NADPH oxidase gene and protein responses; p67phox, TNF-α, iNOS, COX-2 gene; protein carbonyl; F2 isoprostanes
NA
All the parameters showing increase in wide-type mice exposed to LTIH in wake-active region of the brain; transgenic absence and inhibiting NADPH oxidase activity showing declined OS damage
CHOP null adult male mice + LTIH; wild-type adult male mice + LTIH
CHOP null + sham LTIH; wild-type adult male mice + sham LTIH
Nox2, CC-3, MAP-2, ChAT, and ERO1L in motor nuclei, CHOP; protein oxidation; neuronal apoptosis
NA
Relative to wild-type mice, CHOP mice prevent oxidative stress (superoxide production/carbonyl proteins), neuronal apoptosis, and upregulation of Nox and HIF-1α in brain regions of cortex, hippocampus, and brainstem motoneurons
NOS activity, PGE2, COX-2, proteasomal activity, and CC-3
PAFR–/–mice in CIH displaying normal spatial learning compared with wild-type littermates
All the parameters showing increase in prefrontal cortex and the hippocampus CA1 region of wide-type mice exposed to IH. PAFR mice showing attenuated OS
V-IH mice, but not EPO-treated IH-exposed mice, showing elevated levels of NADPH oxidase expression, MDA, and 8-OHDG in cortical and hippocampal lysates
MDA, 8-OHDG, HIF-1α DNA, EPO, and IGF-1 expression
JI-34 attenuated spatial learning performance deficits in mice exposed to IH
V-IH mice showing increased MDA and 8-OHDG in hippocampus and cortex; JI-34 reduced OS and increased HIF-1α DNA binding and expression of IGF-1 and EPO
MDA, NOS activity, NO content, and apoptotic cells in hippocampus; plasma CRP and IL-6
NA
Increased iNOS, NO content, MDA, and inflammatory reaction showing in the hippocampus of IH mice. Telmisartan attenuated above response and apoptosis in hippocampus
MDA, PGE2, p47phox mRNA, GFAP, RAGE, and the ratio of RAGE/β-actin in the cortical and hippocampal regions of rat model
GTPs are capable of attenuating IH-induced spatial learning deficits
All parameters showed increases in the brain cortex and hippocampus of IH-exposed rats. GTPs attenuated IH-induced oxidative stress and inflammatory reaction damage in the rat brain
B. A. Abdel-Wahab and M. M. Abdel-Wahab, 2016 [116]
V-IH; resveratrol-IH
V-RA; resveratrol-RA
TBARS, GSH, glutamate, GSH-Px activity, 8-OHdG, total protein, and p47phox mRNA in the hippocampus
Resveratrol protects animals from IH-induced spatial memory deficits
Resveratrol prevented IH-induced increases of glutamate, TBARS, and 8-OHdG levels and p47Phox expression in the hippocampus of IH rats and decreases of hippocampal GSH levels and GSH-Px activity