Substance Effects Tissue or animal models Ref. Carnosic acid (CA) Protection against lipid peroxidation and GSH reduction levels and antiapoptotic and antioxidative action Human neuroblastoma SH-SY5Y cells [100 ] Hesperidin Reduction in glutathione peroxidase and catalase activity, total reactive antioxidant potential Striatum mice [101 ] Carnosic acid Prevent apoptosis through an increase in glutathione S-transferase P (GSTP) expression via activation of the PI3K/Akt/NF-κ B pathway Human neuroblastoma SH-SY5Y cells [102 ] Alkaloids from Piper longum (PLA) Upregulate the activities of SOD, GSH-Px, CAT, the content of GSH, and the total antioxidant capacity and decrease the content of NOS and the content of MDA, NO Sustantia nigra and striatum of rats [103 ] Novel (E)-3,4-dihydroxystyryl aralkyl sulfones and sulfoxides Neuroprotective, antioxidative, and antineuroinflammatory properties Neuronal cells [104 ] Fenofibrate Protected against decreased level of DA and excessive production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) Rats [105 ] 2-[[(1,1-Dimethylethyl)oxidoimino]-methyl]-3,5,6-trimethylpyrazine (TBN) Remarkable neurorescue effects to increase the number of dopaminergic neurons and reduce ROS Mice and rats [106 ] D-440 is a novel highly selective Neuroprotection in cell survival and apoptosis Dopaminergic MN9D cells [107 ] Gallic acid Significantly increased passive avoidance memory and total thiol and GPx contents and also decreased MDA levels Nigral tissue [108 ] Garcinia indica extract Acted as an effective neuroprotective agent for striatal dopaminergic neurons Rat [109 ] (±)-α -Lipoic acid Induced reversal of oxidative stress Human neuroblastoma SH-SY5Y cells [110 ]
