Honey, Propolis, and Royal Jelly: A Comprehensive Review of Their Biological Actions and Health Benefits

Table 1

Important bioactive compounds in honey, propolis, and royal jelly.

Type of bee product	Bioactive compound	Chemical structure	Biological activity	References
Propolis	Phenolic compound: 2,2-dimethyl-8-prenylchromene		Antimicrobial	Viuda-Martos et al. [22]
Propolis	Phenolic compound: 4-hydroxy-3,5-diprenyl cinnamic acid (artepillin C)		Antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, anticancer	Viuda-Martos et al. [22]
Propolis	Phenolic compound: 3-prenyl cinnamic acid allyl ester		Antimicrobial	Viuda-Martos et al. [22]
Propolis	Phenolic compound: kaempferide		Antitumor, anticancer	Viuda-Martos et al. [22], [23]
Propolis	Phenolic compound: propolis benzofuran		Antifungal	Viuda-Martos et al. [22], [23]
Propolis	Terpenoid: isocupressic acid, a labdane diterpenoid		Antifungal	Viuda-Martos et al. [22] (Khalil & Sulaiman [23])
Propolis	Terpenoid:13C-symphyoreticulic acid, a clerodane diterpenoid		Antitumor	Viuda-Martos et al. [22], [24]
Propolis	Terpenoid: esters of long-chain fatty acids, (3-hydroxystearic acid () procrim a; 3-hydroxystearic acid (), procrim b and a pentacyclic triterpenoid (lupeol))		Antioxidant, antimicrobial, antitumor	(Salatino et al. [25]), Viuda-Martos et al. [22], (Huang et al. [13])
Propolis	Terpenoid: farnesol, a sesquiterpenoid		Antifungal	Viuda-Martos et al. [22], (Cotoras et al. [26])
Propolis, honey	Flavonoid: apigenin		Antibacterial, anti-inflammatory	Viuda-Martos et al. [22], (Khalil & Sulaiman [23])
Honey, propolis	Flavonoid: acacetin		Antiallergy, anticancer	Viuda-Martos et al. [22], (Khalil & Sulaiman [23])
Honey, propolis	Flavonoid: quercetin		Anticancer, antiallergy, antibacterial, anti-inflammatory	Viuda-Martos et al. [22], (Khalil & Sulaiman [23])
Honey, propolis	Flavonoid: galangin		Anticancer, antioxidant	Viuda-Martos et al. [22], (Khalil & Sulaiman [23])
Honey, propolis	Flavonoid: pinocembrin		Antimicrobial, anticancer	Viuda-Martos et al. [22], (Khalil & Sulaiman [23])
Honey, propolis	Flavonoid: chrysin		Antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, anticancer	Viuda-Martos et al. [22], (Khalil & Sulaiman [23])
Honey, propolis	Flavonoid: fisetin		Antibacterial, antiallergy, anticancer	Viuda-Martos et al. [22], (Abubakar et al. [27])
Honey, propolis	Flavonoid: caffeic acid phenethyl ester		Antitumor, anticancer	Viuda-Martos et al. [22], (Khalil & Sulaiman [23])
Propolis, royal jelly	10-hydroxyl-2-decenoic acid		Antibiotic, antitumor	Izuta et al. [28]
Honey	Flavonoid: luteolin		Antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antitumor	Lin et al. [29], Mijanur et al. [30]
Honey	Flavonoid: pinobanksin		Antioxidant	Ajao et al. [31]
Honey	Flavonoid: hesperetin		Antioxidant, anti-inflammatory	Kassim et al. [32], Mijanur et al. [30]
Honey	Flavonoid: naringenin		Neuroprotective, antioxidant	Badruzzaman Khan et al. [33], Mijanur et al. [30]
Honey	Flavonoid: genistein		Anticancer	Tahir et al. [34], Mijanur et al. [30]
Honey	Phenolic acid: p-coumaric acid		Antigenotoxic, neuroprotective	Vauzour et al. [35], Mijanur et al. [30])
Honey	Phenolic acid: gallic acid		Antianxiolytic	Mansouri et al. [36], Mijanur et al. [30]
Honey	Phenolic acid: ellagic acid		Antioxidant, chemopreventive, antiproliferative	Mijanur et al. [30]
Honey	Phenolic acid: ferulic acid		Antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, neuroprotective	Mijanur et al. [30]
Honey	Phenolic acid: syringic acid		Antioxidant, anticancer	Mijanur et al. [30], Tahir et al. [34]