Carlina vulgaris L. as a Source of Phytochemicals with Antioxidant Activity

Table 1

Content of metal in leaves, flower heads, and roots of C. vulgaris growing in different sites (mg/kg of ADW).

Elements	Leaves			Flower heads			Roots
	MB	NN	NP	MB	NN	NP	MB	NN	NP
Zn	1458.5 ± 277.7^a	46.6 ± 4.6^b	89.0 ± 11.5^b	100.6 ± 22.8^a	0.1 ± 0.1^b	3.3 ± 1.6^b	1576 ± 249^a	26.5 ± 6.1^b	20.5 ± 3.7^b
Cd	28.74 ± 2.89^a	0.13 ± 0.09^b	0.41 ± 0.08^b	6.59 ± 1.04^a	0.08 ± 0.01^b	1.13 ± 1.05^b	18.73 ± 2.25^a	0.11 ± 0.02^b	0.21 ± 0.05^b
Pb	78.45 ± 21.71^a	0.73 ± 0.07^b	6.13 ± 2.56^b	0.34 ± 0.21^a	0.07 ± 0.01^a	0.81 ± 0.51^a	179.3 ± 17.1^a	0.97 ± 0.38^b	1.73 ± 0.41^b
Cr	1.61 ± 0.44^a	0.48 ± 0.11^b	0.74 ± 0.15^ab	1.40 ± 1.20^a	0.02 ± 0.02^a	0.13 ± 0.02^a	1.78 ± 0.15^a	2.41 ± 0.43^a	1.16 ± 0.12^a
Ni	0.98 ± 0.34^a	0.03 ± 0.02^b	0.18 ± 0.06^b	0.83 ± 0.46^b	1.11 ± 0.17^ab	1.67 ± 0.25^a	1.00 ± 0.09^a	0.24 ± 0.09^b	0.09 ± 0.06^b
Mn	77.54 ± 9.19^a	10.63 ± 0.61^b	27.64 ± 3.87^b	23.30 ± 5.87^a	4.39 ± 0.42^b	14.69 ± 2.60^a	79.59 ± 6.98^a	19.22 ± 6.88^b	17.11 ± 3.99b
Mo	1.61 ± 0.37^b	4.73 ± 0.10^a	0.05 ± 0.05^b	0.99 ± 0.34^b	2.73 ± 0.91^a	0.23 ± 0.12^b	36.0 ± 20.4^a	28.9 ± 12.0^a	nd
Co	0.27 ± 0.05^b	0.12 ± 0.01^c	0.43 ± 0.08^a	0.05 ± 0.02^b	0.03 ± 0.01^b	0.15 ± 0.04^a	0.31 ± 0.03^a	0.13 ± 0.02^b	0.24 ± 0.04^a
Cu	45.98 ± 10.22^a	35.49 ± 3.41^a	26.18 ± 2.68^a	43.89 ± 5.10^a	69.1 ± 21.36^a	46.82 ± 6.14^a	67.84 ± 8.79^a	50.43 ± 5.51^a	75.9 ± 25.3^a
Fe	2165.5 ± 516.6^a	702.3 ± 193.3^b	353.6 ± 54.0^b	162.2 ± 79.2^a	9.5 ± 3.2^b	8.2 ± 1.4^b	3945 ± 738^a	2057 ± 519^b	989 ± 228^b
Ag	0.22 ± 0.04^a	0.06 ± 0.03^b	0.09 ± 0.03^b	0.05 ± 0.02^a	0.07 ± 0.03^a	0.04 ± 0.01^a	0.51 ± 0.10^a	0.03 ± 0.00^b	0.04 ± 0.02^b

Means ± SE. According to Fisher’s test (), the values followed by different letters within the same plant organ and metal are significantly different, the values followed by the same letter are not significantly different, and “ab” indicates that there is no difference between values followed by a and b letters. Not detectable.