Mitochondrial Function and Mitophagy in the Elderly: Effects of Exercise

Table 2

Effect of exercise on mitochondrial proteins in aging.

Reference	Tissue	Subject	Comparative	Training	Results
[58]	Muscle	Humans	Sedentary and active youths and elderly	Single bout of treadmill running of 45 min at 70–75% VO2max plus exercise until exhaustion at 90% VO2max	↓ (mRNA): Fis1; Mfn1
					NS: PGC-1α; TFAM
[31]	Muscle	Humans	Sedentary elderly and active elderly; Sedentary elderly + training	16 weeks of aerobic exercise (bike, walk, run, or row), 3 times/week at 75–80% HR	↑ (mRNA): PGC-1α, TFAM (sedentary elderly + training)
					NS (mRNA): PGC-1α, TFAM (sedentary elderly versus active elderly)
[81]	Muscle	Humans	Trained elderly and untrained elderly; Untrained elderly + acute exercise	Single bout of high intensity interval exercise on a bicycle ergometer for 20 min at 80% of peak power output	↑ (mRNA): PGC-1α (untrained + acute exercise)
					↑: PGC-1α (trained versus untrained elderly)
					NS: PGC-1α (untrained + acute exercise)
[87]	Muscle	Humans	Sedentary elderly; Active elderly	Without exercise intervention	↑ (mRNA): Bnip3; Drp1; Parkin; beclin1
					NS (mRNA): Mfn2; PINK1; LC3
					NS: beclin1
[45]	Carotid arteries	Mouse	Sedentary and active youths and elderly	10 weeks of voluntary aerobic exercise in a wheel running	NS: PGC-1α; Fis1; Mfn2
[83]	Brain	Mouse	Elderly	3 weeks of treadmill running for 60 min at 15–19 m/min and 10° incline	NS (cortex): PGC-1α, TFAM, Mfn2; LC3II
					NS (striatum): PGC-1α, TFAM, Drp1, Mfn2; LC3II
					↑ (cortex): Drp1
[82]	Muscle	Humans	Elderly	Single bout of bicycle exercise at 75% VO2max until exhaustion	↑ (mRNA): PGC-1α
					NS (mRNA): TFAM
[46]	Muscle	Humans	Youths/elderly	Without exercise intervention	NS: PGC-1α; TFAM; Mfn2; OPA1; Drp1; Fis1
[47]	Muscle	Rats	Youths/elderly	12 weeks of treadmill running 5 times/week for 45 min at 17.5 m/min and 10° incline	↑: PGC-1α; TFAM
					NS (mRNA): PGC-1α; TFAM
[48]	Muscle	Rats	Youths/elderly	6 weeks of treadmill running for 60 min at 10–22 m/min and 5–10% incline	↑: PGC-1α
					↓: Mfn1
					NS: TFAM; Fis1
[30]	Muscle	Humans	Youths/elderly	12 weeks of cycling 3-4 times/week at 60–80% HR reserve for 20–45 min	↑: PGC-1α; OPA1; Mfn1; Mfn2; Fis1
[49]	Muscle	Humans	Youths/elderly	Without exercise intervention	↑: PGC-1α; TFAM
[80]	Muscle	Rats	Youths/elderly	7 days of electroestimulation 3 h/day at 10 Hz for 0.1 ms duration	↑: PGC-1α; TFAM
[68]	Muscle	Humans	Youths/elderly	Single bout of resistance training (4 sets of rept. at 75% 1RM with 2 min rest between sets)	↑ (mRNA): PGC-1α (3 h); TFAM (24 h); LC3II (3 h)
					↑: LC3II (48 h)
					NS (mRNA): Nix; Bnip3
					NS: Parkin; PINK1; VDAC1; beclin1
[79]	Muscle	Mouse	Youths/elderly	6 weeks of voluntary aerobic exercise in wheels running	↑: PGC-1α
[84]	Muscle	Mouse	Elderly	Single bout of voluntary aerobic exercise in wheels running for 3 h	NS: OPA1; Mfn2
[72]	Muscle	Humans	Youths and active and sedentary elderly	Without exercise intervention	↓: Bnip3
					NS: PGC-1α; beclin1
[85]	Muscle	Humans	Elderly	12 weeks of aerobic exercise for 60 min (20 min cycle ergometer and 40 min treadmill walking) at 80–85% HRmax 5 days/week	↑ (mRNA): OPA1; Drp1
					↓: phosphorylated Drp1
					NS (mRNA): Mfn1; Mfn2; Fis1; PINK1; Parkin
[71]	Muscle	Humans	Youths/elderly	14 days of immobilization and 20 sessions of aerobic cycle ergometer training with 48–58 min at 85% HRmax	↑ (immobilization + training versus immobilization): VDAC1
					NS (immobilization + training versus control): VDAC1
[89]	Muscle	Humans	Elderly	24 weeks of combined exercise (walking + strength training + flexibility) 2-3 times/week at moderate intensity	NS (mRNA): Bnip3
					↑ (mRNA): PGC-1α; TFAM; LC3II
					↑: TFAM
[75]	Muscle	Humans	Youths/elderly	5 days of bed rest and 8 weeks of high intensity resistance exercise	↑: LC3II/I
					NS: beclin1
[10]	PBMCs	Humans	Elderly	8 weeks of aerobic training	↑: LC3II/I¸beclin1
[2]	PBMCs	Humans	Elderly	8 weeks of resistance training	↑: beclin1
					NS: LC3II/I