Oxidative Stress in Neurodegenerative Diseases: From Molecular Mechanisms to Clinical Applications

Figure 1

Schematic illustrating the key roles of OS in the development of AD, HD, PD, ALS, and SCA. AD: Alzheimer’s disease; ALS: amyotrophic lateral sclerosis; Aβ: amyloid beta; BAD: Bcl-2-associated death promoter; CaN: calcineurin; GAPDH: glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase; HD: Huntington’s disease; JNK: c-Jun N-terminal kinase; MAPK: mitogen-activated protein kinase; NFT: neurofibrillary tangle; OS: oxidative stress; PD: Parkinson’s disease; SCA: spinocerebellar ataxia; SOD: superoxide dismutase.