The Impact of Environmental Factors in Influencing Epigenetics Related to Oxidative States in the Cardiovascular System

Figure 1

(a, b) Main oxidative stress-dependent epigenetic alterations and molecular mechanisms in primary CVD (a) and CVD risk factors (b). AAA: abdominal aortic aneurism; LDL: low-density lipoprotein; VSMCs: vascular smooth muscle cells; MEF-2: members of enhancer factor-2; HDACs: histone deacetylases; CHD2: chromodomain-helicase-DNA-binding protein 2; ROS: reactive oxygen species; FFA: free fatty acids; IRS: insulin receptor substrate; PKC: serine/threonine kinase activity; PVAT: perivascular adipose tissue; RAS: renin-angiotensin system; DAG: diacylglycerol.

(a)

(b)