Antiobesity Effects of Anthocyanins in Preclinical and Clinical Studies

Figure 4

Proposed anthocyanins target identification and mechanism-of-action through several pathways and their final effects on health and well-being. CPT1A: carnitine palmitoyltransferase-1A; RBP4: retinol binding protein-4; SREBP1c: sterol regulatory element binding protein-1c; C/EBPα: CCAAT enhancer binding protein-α; PPAR γ: peroxisomal proliferator-activated receptor gamma; AMPK: 5′ adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase; GLUT4: glucose transporter 4; GLUT2: glucose transporter 2; ACC1: acetyl-CoA carboxylase; FAS: fatty acid synthase; LPL: lipoprotein lipase; PEPCK: phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase; G6pase: glucose-6-phosphatase; G6PDH: glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase; VEGF: vascular endothelial growth factor; ICAM-1: intercellular adhesion molecule; JNK: c-Jun N-terminal kinase; TGFβ1: transforming growth factor-beta; IL-6: interleukin-6; TNF-α: tumor necrosis factor alpha; MCP-1: monocyte-chemo-attractant protein-1.