Cytoprotective Effects of Citicoline and Homotaurine against Glutamate and High Glucose Neurotoxicity in Primary Cultured Retinal Cells

Figure 3

Cotreatment of citicoline and homotaurine significantly reduces the apoptotic rate in glutamate-treated cells. A cell death detection ELISA kit was used to determine cytoplasmic DNA oligonucleosome fragments associated with apoptotic cell death. The enrichment of oligonucleosomes released into the cytoplasm was calculated as absorbance of sample cells/absorbance of control cells. The administration of citicoline plus homotaurine demonstrated a synergistic effect in terms of apoptosis reduction. The results represent the mean ± SEM of three independent experiments. ANOVA followed by Tukey’s post hoc test was carried out to determine the level of significance. ^# versus glutamate. ^## versus citicoline and homotaurine alone. CitC: citicoline; Hot: homotaurine; Glut: glutamate.