Functional, Cellular, and Molecular Remodeling of the Heart under Influence of Oxidative Cigarette Tobacco Smoke

Figure 2

The impact of chronic smoking exposure on CVD risk and cardiac structural, functional, and cellular damage. CS-based RMID cause metabolic and cellular damages that alter cardiac structure and function and increase CVD risk and myocardial damage. HR, heart rate; BP, blood pressure; LV, left ventricle; LVM, left ventricular mass; LA, left atria; LVEDD, left ventricular end-diastolic diameter; LVESD, left ventricular end-systolic diameter; LVEDV, left ventricular end-diastolic volume; LVEF, left ventricular ejection fraction; LVFS, left ventricular fractional shortening; ROS, reactive oxygen species; NOX, NADPH oxidase; GSSG, glutathione disulfide; GSH/GSSH, glutathione disulfide/glutathione ratio; SOD, superoxide dismutase; GSH-px, glutathione peroxidase; eNOS, endothelial nitric oxide synthases; PGI₂, prostacyclin; LDH, lactate dehydrogenase; [Ca²⁺]_m, mitochondrial calcium; MPT, mitochondrial permeability transition; NF-κb, nuclear factor-κB; FA, fatty acid; DAMPs, danger-associated molecular patterns.