Tocotrienol-Rich Fraction Ameliorates Antioxidant Defense Mechanisms and Improves Replicative Senescence-Associated Oxidative Stress in Human Myoblasts

Figure 2

Effects of antioxidants treatment on the presence of ROS in myoblast cells. (a) Young, (b) presenescent, and (c) senescent myoblasts labeled with 20 μM DHE and 40 μM carboxy-H₂DCFDA to detect the presence of ROS which were observed under fluorescence microscope (magnification 200x, scale bar, 200 μm). TRF and ATF diminished the presence of ROS in senescent cells. (d) Quantitative analysis of ROS generation in myoblasts. The percentage of positively stained cells was significantly increased in presenescent and senescent myoblasts; however, the percentage was decreased in TRF-, ATF-, and TRF + NAC-treated senescent myoblasts. (e) A gradual decrease in cell viability with increasing concentrations of H₂O₂ was observed, indicating the vital role of redox balance maintenance in cells. Denoting , significantly different compared to young control; , significantly different compared to presenescent myoblasts; , significantly different compared to senescent myoblasts; and , significantly different compared to 0 mM. Data are presented as the mean ± SD, .

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