Molecular Mechanisms Responsible for Increased Vulnerability of the Ageing Oocyte to Oxidative Damage

Table 1

Alterations in gene expression of pathways involved in mitigating oxidative damage in the aged oocyte.

Category	Genes	Cellular compartment	References
Antioxidants	↓Sod1, ↓Sod2, and ↓Cat	Human granulosa cells	[112]
	↑Gpx1, ↓Gstm2, ↓Prdx3, and ↓Txn2	Mouse ovaries	[13]
	↓Sod1, ↓Txn1, ↓Txndc9, and ↓Apacd	Mouse MII oocytes	[97]
	↓Apacd, ↓Glrx, ↓N33, ↓Pdcl, ↓Grp58, and ↓Pdia6	Human MII oocytes	[96]
	↓Txnrd1 and ↓ Sod1	Mouse GV oocytes	[3]
	↓Txnrd1, ↓Txnrd3, and ↑Sod2	Mouse MII oocytes	[3]
Sirtuin proteins	↑Sirt1	Mouse GV oocyte	[127]
	↓Sirt3	Human granulosa and cumulus cells	[133]
	↓Sirt2 and ↓Sirt6	Mouse cumulus cells	[136]
DNA repair/checkpoint	↓Brca1, ↓Mre11, ↓ATM, and ↓Rad51	Mice and human primordial follicles and GV oocytes	[142]
	↓Brca1	Mouse MII oocytes	[3]
	↓Atr, ↓ Chek1, ↓Nbs1, and ↓Rad17	Human MII oocytes	[96]
	↓Tert	Mouse MII oocytes	[148]
Ubiquitin proteasome system	↓Psmb2, ↓Psmb5, ↓Psmc2, ↓Psmd4, ↓Psmd8, ↓Ubap1, ↑Ube2h, ↑Usp15, ↓Usp2, ↓Usp31, ↑Usp7, and ↑Usp8	Mouse GV oocytes	[3]
	↑Psma4, ↑Psmb4, ↑Psmc2, ↓Psmc5, ↓Psmd9, ↑Psmd11, ↓Psme3, ↓Psmf1, ↑Ubap1, ↓Ube1c, ↑Ubc, ↑Ube2a, ↓Ube2d1, ↓Ube2d2, ↓Ube2h, ↓Ube3a, ↑Usp15, and ↑Usp8	Mouse MII oocytes	[3]
	↓Anapc4, ↓Hip2, ↓Ubc, ↓Ube1c, ↓Ube2a, ↓Ube2e3, ↓Ube2g1, ↓Usp1, ↓Usp30, ↓Psma6, ↓Psmb1, ↓Psmb4, ↓Psmc2, ↓Psmc3, ↓Psmd12, and ↓Siah2	Mouse MII oocytes	[97]
	↓Hip2, ↓Psmc2, ↓Psmc6, ↑Psmd2, ↑Psmd5, ↑Psmd1, ↑Psmd9, ↑Ubch9, ↓Ube2n, ↓Ube2e, ↓Ube2g1, ↑Ube2h, ↑Ube2v, ↑Ube3a, ↓Usp1, ↓Usp8, and ↓Usp9x	Human MII oocytes	[96]
Chaperones	↓Cct2, ↓Cct3, ↓Cct5, ↓Tra1, ↓Dnaj1, ↓Hsp86-1, ↓Hspa4, ↓Hsp70-4, ↓Hspa8, ↓Vbp1, ↓Mmp2, ↓Skt25, ↓Map4k5, and ↓Ndr4	Mouse MII oocytes	[97]
	↓Cct2, ↓Dnajb1, ↓Dnajb6, ↓Dnajc5, ↓Hspa14, ↓Hspa1b, ↓Hspa8, and ↓Hspcb	Mouse GV oocytes	[3]
	↑Cct2, ↓Cct7, ↑Dnaja1, ↓Dnaja2, ↓Dnaja4, ↓Dnajb10, ↓Dnajb11, ↓Dnajc3, ↓Dnajc8, ↓Hspa1b, ↓Hspa1b, ↓Hspa9a, ↑Hspb1, ↓Hspcb, and ↓Mmp2	Mouse MII oocytes	[3]