Effect of Weight Loss, Exercise, or Both on Undercarboxylated Osteocalcin and Insulin Secretion in Frail, Obese Older Adults
Table 1
Baseline characteristics of participants.
Control ()
Diet ()
Exercise ()
Diet-exercise ()
value†
Age (y)
69 ± 1
70 ± 1
70 ± 1
70 ± 1
0.85
Female/male (n)
18/9
17/9
16/10
16/12
0.89
White, n (%)
22 (81)
23 (88)
21 (81)
25 (89)
0.78
Height (cm)
165.8 ± 1.9
169.2 ± 1.9
168.1 ± 1.1
165.4 ± 1.6
0.38
Weight (kg)
101.0 ± 3.2
104.1 ± 2.9
99.2 ± 3.3
99.1 ± 3.4
0.66
Body mass index (kg/m2)
37.3 ± 0.9
37.2 ± 0.9
36.9 ± 1.1
37.2 ± 1.0
0.93
Body composition
Fat-free mass (kg)
57.3 ± 2.2
61.4 ± 2.5
57.6 ± 2.7
57.2 ± 1.9
0.17
Fat mass (kg)
43.8 ± 1.9
42.8 ± 1.3
41.6 ± 1.9
41.9 ± 2.2
0.84
Trunk fat (kg)
22.4 ± 1.1
21.8 ± 0.8
21.2 ± 0.8
20.9 ± 0.9
0.54
Bone turnover and BMD
CTX (ng/ml)
0.407 ± 0.039
0.309 ± 0.024
0.350 ± 0.029
0.320 ± 0.023
0.09
PINP (μg/l)
52.2 ± 5.3
41.5 ± 2.4
45.2 ± 2.8
43.1 ± 2.5
0.14
WB BMD (g/cm2)
1.207 ± 0.034
1.252 ± 0.036
1.188 ± 0.034
1.269 ± 0.033
0.30
Physical function
Knee extension strength (Nm)
70.0 ± 5.2
70.8 ± 4.8
72.6 ± 5.6
71.4 ± 4.5
0.99
Knee flexion strength (Nm)
44.7 ± 3.6
50.3 ± 3.5
46.4 ± 3.4
49.1 ± 2.8
0.63
VO2peak (l/min)
1.7 ± 0.1
1.8 ± 0.1
1.8 ± 0. 1
1.7 ± 0.1
0.66
Adipocytokines
hs-CRP (mg/l)
22.4 ± 1.1
21.8 ± 0.8
21.2 ± 0.8
20.9 ± 0.9
0.72
sTNF R1 (pg/ml)
167.2 ± 7.6
155.5 ± 6.9
166.6 ± 10.0
177.5 ± 9.4
0.36
Interleukin 6 (pg/ml)
3.1 ± 0.8
1.8 ± 0.1
1.7 ± 0.2
2.6 ± 0.7
0.15
Leptin (μg/l)
38.1 ± 5.2
36.7 ± 3.4
37.5 ± 5.2
34.1 ± 3.9
0.92
Adiponectin (ng/ml)
31.9 ± 4.7
23.3 ± 2.4
20.8 ± 1.5
24.4 ± 2.5
0.06
WB BMD: whole body bone mineral density; CTX: C-terminal telopeptide of type I collagen; PINP: intact N-terminal propeptide of type I procollagen; VO2peak: peak oxygen uptake; hs-CRP: high-sensitivity C-reactive protein; sTNF R1: soluble tumor necrosis factor receptor 1. Values are given as mean ± SE. † values as calculated with the use of analyses of variance for quantitative data and chi-square tests for counts.
