Effect of Weight Loss, Exercise, or Both on Undercarboxylated Osteocalcin and Insulin Secretion in Frail, Obese Older Adults

Table 2

Effect of diet, exercise, or both on undercarboxylated osteocalcin, insulin secretion, and insulin sensitivity.

Outcome variables	Control ()	Diet ()	Exercise ()	Diet-exercise ()	value^†
					Diet versus control	Exercise versus control	Diet-exercise versus control	Diet-exercise versus diet	Diet-exercise versus exercise
UcOC (ng/ml)
Baseline	4.7 ± 0.6	3.9 ± 0.4	4.3 ± 0.6	3.6 ± 0.4
Change at 6 months	−0.2 ± 0.5	1.1 ± 0.4^¶	0.2 ± 0.5	−0.1 ± 0.4
Change at 1 year	−0.7 ± 0.5	1.4 ± 0.5^¶	0.2 ± 0.5	0.4 ± 0.4	0.007	0.27	0.11	0.20	0.67
Total OC (ng/ml)
Baseline	12.4 ± 1.0	11.4 ± 0.8	13.2 ± 0.9	12.2 ± 0.8
Change at 6 months	−0.8 ± 0.6	2.5 ± 0.6^‡	−1.4 ± 0.6^¶	−0.3 ± 0.5
Change at 1 year	−0.8 ± 0.6	2.0 ± 0.6^§	−1.8 ± 0.6^¶	0.5 ± 0.5	0.006	0.29	0.18	0.12	0.01
UcOC/total OC
Baseline	0.42 ± 0.06	0.40 ± 0.05	0.33 ± 0.04	0.33 ± 0.04
Change at 6 months	−0.01 ± 0.07	0.07 ± 0.06	0.01 ± 0.04	−0.01 ± 0.06
Change at 1 year	−0.02 ± 0.05	0.10 ± 0.04	0.11 ± 0.05	0.04 ± 0.06	—	—	—	—	—
IGI
Baseline	1.2 ± 0.2	1.4 ± 0.2	1.5 ± 0.2	1.2 ± 0.2
Change at 6 months	0.1 ± 0.1	0.2 ± 0.2	0.1 ± 0.2	0.3 ± 0.1
Change at 1 year	−0.2 ± 0.4	0.0 ± 0.2	−0.1 ± 0.2	0.3 ± 0.1	—	—	—	—	—
ISI
Baseline	3.3 ± 0.4	2.7 ± 0.3	3.5 ± 0.5	3.4 ± 0.5
Change at 6 months	−0.1 ± 0.3	1.1 ± 0.3^‡	0.1 ± 0.3	1.2 ± 0.2^§
Change at 1 year	0.2 ± 0.3	1.2 ± 0.3^‡	0.1 ± 0.3	2.4 ± 0.3^‡	0.04	0.73	<0.001	0.02	<0.001
DI
Baseline	3.0 ± 0.3	3.1 ± 0.4	4.0 ± 0.7	3.8 ± 0.6
Change at 6 months	0.1 ± 0.4	2.1 ± 0.5^§	0.1 ± 0.5	1.8 ± 0.4^¶
Change at 1 year	−0.1 ± 0.5	1.9 ± 0.5^§	0.2 ± 0.5	3.5 ± 0.4^‡	0.02	0.67	<0.001	0.04	0.001

UcOC: undercarboxylated osteocalcin; OC: osteocalcin; IGI: insulinogenic index; ISI: insulin sensitivity index; DI: disposition index. Change scores are the least square adjusted means ± SE from the repeated measures analyses; baseline values are the observed means ± SE. ^† values for the comparison among the groups of changes from baseline to 6 months were calculated with the use of mixed model repeated measures analyses of variance (with baseline values and sex as covariates) and are reported when the overall value was less than .05 for the interaction among the 4 groups over time. values for the group × time interaction were .04 for UcOC, <0.001 for total OC, <0.001 for ISI, and <0.001 for DI. ^‡, ^§, and ^¶ for the comparison of the value at the follow-up time with the baseline value within the group, as calculated with the use of mixed model repeated measures analysis of variance.