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Study (years) | Model | Method of administration (experimental group versus control group) | Observations | Possible mechanisms |
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Liu [42] | Lipid peroxidation in rat liver microsome induced by Fe2+-cysteine | Rehmaglutoside E versus no treatment | Decreased MDA content | Reduction of oxidative reactions |
| Lipid peroxidation in rat liver microsome induced by Fe2+-cysteine | 6-O-E-Caffeoyl ajugol versus no treatment | Decreased MDA content | Reduction of oxidative reactions |
| (1) Lipid peroxidation in rat liver microsome induced by Fe2+-cysteine (2) Inflammation in cells induced by LPS | Leucosceptoside A versus no treatment | (1) Decreased MDA content (2) Decreased NO production | Reduction of oxidative reactions, repression of inflammatory reactions |
| Lipid peroxidation in rat liver microsome induced by Fe2+-cysteine | Jionoside D versus no treatment | Decreased MDA content | Reduction of oxidative reactions |
| Inflammation in cells induced by LPS | Acteoside versus no treatment | Decreased NO production | Repression of inflammatory reactions |
| Inflammation in cells induced by LPS | Salidrosid versus no treatment | Decreased NO production | Repression of inflammatory reactions |
| Inflammation in cells induced by LPS | Jionoside D versus no treatment | Decreased NO production | Repression of inflammatory reactions |
| Inflammation in cells induced by LPS | Jionoside B1 versus no treatment | Decreased NO production | Repression of inflammatory reactions |
| Inflammation in cells induced by LPS | Vanillin versus no treatment | Decreased NO production | Repression of inflammatory reactions |
Nan et al. [43] | Inflammation in mouse microglial cells induced by LPS | Ajugol versus no treatment | Decreased NO production | Repression of inflammatory reactions |
Chai et al. [44] | Bile duct-ligated SD rats | Oleanolic acid versus saline | Decreased serum TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6 | Repression of inflammatory reactions |
Decreased serum TBA, TBIL, DBIL, ALP, ALT, and AST Reduced serum total bile acid and bile salt |
Goyal et al. [45] | Cardiac toxicity rats induced by doxorubicin | Oleanolic acid versus no treatment | Decrease the activities of GSH, SOD, and catalase and MDA level | Reduction of oxidative reactions |
Decreased CK-MB, LDH, and heart weight Improved alterations in ECG and histopathology of myocardium |
Liu et al. [46] | Oxidative damage in PC12 cells induced by hydrogen peroxide | Geniposide versus no treatment | Increased the expression of Bcl-2 and HO-1, delayed the peak of cAMP level | Reduction of oxidative reactions |
Decreased apoptotic and necrotic cells and increased the viability of PC12 cells | Inhibition of apoptosis |
Wang et al. [47] | (1) MCAO/2 h in SD rats (2) Oxygen-glucose deprivation/4 h in primary microglial cell | Geniposide versus no treatment | (1) Reduced infarct volume and inhibited the activation of microglial cells in ischemic penumbra (2) Decreased cell viability, the secretion of TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8, and IL-10, the expression of TLR4, and NF-kBp65, TLR4 mRNA level, nuclear translocation of NF-kBp65 | Repression of inflammatory reactions |
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