Research Article

Tubulin Beta-3 Chain as a New Candidate Protein Biomarker of Human Skin Aging: A Preliminary Study

Table 3

List of proteins identified as differently expressed with age status and their functional classification relating to protein family, protein class, molecular function, biological process, cellular component, and pathway according to PANTHER and the GO database.

AccessionIDDescriptionGenePANTHER
family/subfamily
PANTHER protein classPANTHER GO-slim
molecular function
PANTHER GO-slim biological processPANTHER GO-slim
cellular component
Pathway

P61158ARP3_
HUMAN
Actin-related
protein 3
ACTR3Actin-related protein 3
(PTHR11937:SF175)
Actin and actin-related
protein(PC00085)
Structural constituent
of cytoskeleton
(GO:0005198)
Cytokinesis(GO:0009987);
mitosis(GO:0000910);
cellular component
morphogenesis(GO:0007049);
intracellular protein
transport(GO:0007067);
exocytosis(GO:0032502);
endocytosis(GO:0009653);
cellular component
organization(GO:0032989)
Actin cytoskeleton(GO:0043226);
intracellular(GO:0005856)

P02765FETUA_
HUMAN
Alpha-2-HS-glycoproteinAHSGAlpha-2-HS-glycoprotein
(PTHR13814:SF6)
Extracellular matrix
glycoprotein(PC00102);
cysteine protease
inhibitor(PC00100)
Cysteine-type peptidase
activity(GO:0003824);
protein binding (GO:0016787); cysteine-type
endopeptidase inhibitor
activity (GO:0008233)
Immune system
process(GO:0002376);
proteolysis(GO:0008152);
mesoderm
development(GO:0044238);
skeletal system
development(GO:0019538);
regulation of catalytic
activity (GO:0006508)
Extracellular region
(GO:0005576);
extracellular matrix
(GO:0031012)

P38606VATA_
HUMAN
V-type proton
ATPase catalytic
subunit A
ATP6V1AV-type proton atpase
catalytic subunit A
(PTHR15184:SF7)
ATP synthase(PC00227); anion channel (PC00068); ligand-gated ion channel (PC00002); ligand-gated ion channel (PC00133); DNA-binding protein (PC00049); hydrolase
(PC00141)
Hydrolase activity
(GO:0003824); receptor
activity (GO:0016787);
anion channel activity (GO:0004872);
ligand-gated ion channel
activity (GO:0005215);
cation transmembrane
transporter activity
(GO:0022857);
proton-transporting
ATP synthase activity,
rotational mechanism (GO:0005216);
single-stranded DNA
binding (GO:0005253)
Respiratory electron
transport chain
(GO:0008152);
purine nucleobase
metabolic process
(GO:0006091); cation
transport (GO:0022904)
Proton-transporting
ATP synthase complex
(GO:0032991); intracellular
(GO:0043234)

P62158CALM_
HUMAN
CalmodulinCALM1Calmodulin
(PTHR23050:SF216)
Calmodulin (PC00060)Calcium ion binding (GO:0005488);
calmodulin binding
(GO:0005509)
Cellular component
movement (GO:0009987);
cell cycle (GO:0006928);
cell communication
(GO:0007049)
CCKR signaling
map→CaM; B cell
activation→calmodulin;
heterotrimeric
G-protein signaling
pathway-rod
outer segment
phototransduction→
calmodulin; T
cell activation→
calmodulin
P48643TCPE_
HUMAN
T-complex
protein 1
subunit epsilon
CCT5T-complex protein
1 subunit epsilon (PTHR11353:SF94)
Chaperonin (PC00072)Protein folding
(GO:0008152);
protein complex
assembly (GO:0044238);
protein complex
biogenesis (GO:0019538)

Q9UKY7CDV3_
HUMAN
Protein CDV3
homolog
CDV3Protein CDV3 homolog (PTHR16284:SF13)

P09497CLCB_
HUMAN
Clathrin light
chain B
CLTBClathrin light
chain B (PTHR10639:SF2)
Vesicle coat
protein (PC00150)
Intracellular protein
transport (GO:0051179);
receptor-mediated
endocytosis (GO:0006810)
Vesicle coat (GO:0032991);
cytoplasm (GO:0043234)
Heterotrimeric
G-protein signaling
pathway-Gq alpha and
Go alpha-mediated
pathway→clathrin;
heterotrimeric
G-protein signaling
pathway-Gi alpha and
Gs alpha-mediated
pathway→clathrin;
Huntington
disease→clathrin

P20674COX5A_
HUMAN
Cytochrome C
oxidase subunit
5A, mitochondrial
COX5ACytochrome C
oxidase subunit 5A,
mitochondrial
(PTHR14200:SF11)
Oxidase(PC00176)Oxidoreductase
activity (GO:0003824)
Oxidative phosphorylation
(GO:0008152); respiratory
electron transport
chain (GO:0006091)

P07108ACBP_
HUMAN
Acyl-CoA-binding
protein
DBIAcyl-CoA-binding
protein
(PTHR23310:SF54)
Transfer/carrier
protein (PC00219);
enzyme modulator
(PC00095)
Catalytic activity
(GO:0003824);
protein binding (GO:0005488);
enzyme inhibitor
activity (GO:0005515)
Lipid metabolic
process (GO:0008152);
lipid transport
(GO:0044238); regulation
of catalytic activity
(GO:0006629)

Q15075EEA1_
HUMAN
Early endosome
antigen 1
EEA1Early endosome
antigen 1
(PTHR23164:SF6)

Q92538GBF1_
HUMAN
Golgi-specific
brefeldin
A-resistance
guanine nucleotide
exchange factor 1
GBF1Golgi-specific brefeldin
A-resistance guanine
nucleotide exchange
factor 1
(PTHR10663:SF138)
Signaling molecule
(PC00207);
guanyl-nucleotide
exchange factor
(PC00095); cytoskeletal
protein (PC00022)
GTPase activity
(GO:0003824);
pyrophosphatase
activity (GO:0016787);
nucleotide binding
(GO:0003924); small
GTPase regulator
activity (GO:0016462);
guanyl-nucleotide
exchange factor
activity (GO:0005488)
Phosphate-containing
compound metabolic
process (GO:0008152);
nitrogen compound
metabolic process
(GO:0006796); catabolic
process (GO:0006807);
nucleobase-containing
compound metabolic
process (GO:0009056);
cellular process
(GO:0044238); transport
(GO:0006139); regulation
of biological process
(GO:0009987); regulation
of catalytic activity
(GO:0051179)
Organelle (GO:0043226);
intracellular(GO:0044464)

P78417GSTO1_
HUMAN
Glutathione
S-transferase
omega-1
GSTO1Glutathione
S-transferase omega-1 (PTHR11260:SF323)
Transferase (PC00220);
signaling molecule
(PC00207); reductase
(PC00176); translation
elongation factor
(PC00198); epimerase/
racemase (PC00171);
cytoskeletal protein
(PC00031)
Oxidoreductase
activity (GO:0003824);
transferase activity
(GO:0016491);
racemase and
epimerase activity
(GO:0016740);
structural constituent
of cytoskeleton
(GO:0016853); translation
elongation factor
activity (GO:0016854);
translation elongation
factor activity
(GO:0005198); receptor
binding (GO:0005200);
translation elongation
factor activity
(GO:0005488)
Immune system
process (GO:0002376);
translation (GO:0008152);
cell communication
(GO:0044238); response
to toxic substance
(GO:0019538); regulation
of translation (GO:0006412)
Cytoskeleton (GO:0043226);
intracellular (GO:0005856)

P09211GSTP1_
HUMAN
Glutathione
S-transferase P
GSTP1Glutathione S-transferase P
(PTHR11571:SF141)

P51858HDGF_
HUMAN
Hepatoma-derived
growth factor
HDGFHepatoma-derived
growth factor (PTHR12550:SF41)
Transcription
cofactor (PC00218);
growth factor (PC00217)
Transcription
cofactor activity
(GO:0000988);
sequence-specific
DNA-binding
transcription factor
activity (GO:0000989); sequence-specific
DNA-binding
transcription factor
activity (GO:0003712);
growth factor
activity (GO:0001071)
Immune system
process (GO:0002376);
transcription from
RNA polymerase II
promoter (GO:0008152);
cell-cell signaling (GO:0044238); regulation
of transcription from
RNA polymerase II
promoter (GO:0006139)

O60814H2B1K_
HUMAN
Histone H2B
type 1-K
HIST1H2BKHistone H2B type 1-K
(PTHR23428:SF23)
Histone (PC00171)Nucleic acid
binding
(GO:0005488)
Nitrogen compound
metabolic process
(GO:0008152);
DNA metabolic
process (GO:0006807);
cellular process
(GO:0044238); chromatin
organization (GO:0006139);
chromatin assembly
(GO:0006259); cellular
component biogenesis
(GO:0009987)
Protein DNA complex
(GO:0032991); nucleus
(GO:0032993);
nuclear chromosome
(GO:0043226); intracellular
(GO:0005634)

P17096HMGA1_
HUMAN
High mobility
group protein
HMG-I/HMG-Y
HMGA1High mobility group
protein HMG-I/HMG-Y
(PTHR23341:SF1)
DNA-binding
protein (PC00171)
Nucleic acid-binding
transcription factor
activity (GO:0001071);
lyase activity
(GO:0003824); DNA
binding (GO:0016829)
Nitrogen compound
metabolic process
(GO:0008152);
biosynthetic process
(GO:0006807); DNA repair
(GO:0009058); transcription,
DNA-dependent (GO:0044238); cellular
process (GO:0006139);
response to stress
(GO:0006259); regulation
of nucleobase-containing
compound metabolic
process (GO:0006281)
Organelle (GO:0043226);
intracellular (GO:0044464)

P52926HMGA2_
HUMAN
High mobility
group protein
HMGI-C
HMGA2High mobility group
protein HMGI-C
(PTHR23341:SF4)
DNA-binding
protein (PC00171)
Nucleic acid-binding
transcription factor
activity (GO:0001071);
lyase activity (GO:0003824);
DNA binding (GO:0016829)
Nitrogen compound
metabolic process
(GO:0008152); biosynthetic
process (GO:0006807);
DNA repair (GO:0009058);
transcription,
DNA-dependent (GO:0044238); cellular
process (GO:0006139);
response to stress
(GO:0006259); regulation
of nucleobase-containing
compound metabolic
process 2(GO:0006281)
Organelle (GO:0043226);
intracellular (GO:0044464)

P09429HMGB1_
HUMAN
High mobility
group
protein B1
HMGB1High mobility group
protein B1-related
(PTHR13711:SF164)
HMG box transcription
factor (PC00218);
signaling molecule
(PC00024); chromatin/
chromatin-binding
protein (PC00207)
p53 pathway→high
mobility group
protein 1

P05114HMGN1_
HUMAN
Nonhistone
chromosomal
protein HMG-14
HMGN1Nonhistone
chromosomal protein HMG-14 (PTHR23087:SF12)
Chromatin/
chromatin-
binding protein (PC00171)
Nucleic acid
binding (GO:0005488);
chromatin binding
(GO:0003676)
DNA replication
(GO:0008152); transcription
from RNA polymerase
II promoter (GO:0044238);
cell cycle (GO:0006139)

P05204HMGN2_
HUMAN
Nonhistone
chromosomal
protein HMG-17
HMGN2Nonhistone
chromosomal
protein HMG-17 (PTHR23087:SF13)
Chromatin/chromatin-
binding protein (PC00171)
Nucleic acid binding (GO:0005488);
chromatin binding
(GO:0003676)
DNA replication
(GO:0008152);
transcription from RNA
polymerase II promoter
(GO:0044238); cell
cycle (GO:0006139)

P61604CH10_
HUMAN
10 kDa heat
shock protein,
mitochondrial
HSPE110 kDa heat shock
protein, mitochondrial
(PTHR10772:SF16)
Chaperonin (PC00072)Protein metabolic
process (GO:0008152)

P50213IDH3A_
HUMAN
Isocitrate
dehydrogenase
[NAD]
subunit alpha,
mitochondrial
IDH3AIsocitrate dehydrogenase
[NAD] subunit alpha,
mitochondrial
(PTHR11835:SF34)
Dehydrogenase
(PC00176)
Oxidoreductase
activity (GO:0003824)
Generation of precursor
metabolites and
energy (GO:0008152);
carbohydrate metabolic
process (GO:0006091);
tricarboxylic acid
cycle (GO:0044238)
Ascorbate
degradation→
L-xylulose-5-phosphate-
3-epimerase; leucine
biosynthesis→
3-isopropylmalate
dehydrogenase

P01861IGHG4_
HUMAN
Ig gamma-4
chain C region
IGHG4IG gamma-1 chain c
region-related
(PTHR23266:SF83)

Q9GZP8IMUP_
HUMAN
Immortalization
upregulated
protein
IMUPImmortalization
upregulated protein
(PTHR21830:SF0)

P04732MT1E_
HUMAN
Metallothionein-1EMT1EMetallothionein-1E (PTHR23299:SF2)

P13640MT1G_
HUMAN,
MT1X_
HUMAN,
MT2_
HUMAN
Metallothionein-1G,
metallothionein-1X, metallothionein-2
MT1GMetallothionein-1G (PTHR23299:SF3)

P35749MYH11_
HUMAN
Myosin-11MYH11Myosin-11
(PTHR13140:SF335)
G-protein modulator
(PC00095);
actin-binding
motor protein (PC00022); cell
junction protein
(PC00085)
Motor activity
(GO:0003824); structural
constituent of cytoskeleton (GO:0016787); protein
binding (GO:0016462);
enzyme regulator
activity (GO:0003774)
Metabolic process
(GO:0008152);
cytokinesis (GO:0009987);
cellular component
movement (GO:0000910);
mitosis (GO:0006928);
cell communication
(GO:0007049); muscle
contraction (GO:0007067);
sensory perception
of sound (GO:0007154);
sensory perception (GO:0032501);
mesoderm development
(GO:0044707); anatomical
structure morphogenesis
(GO:0003008); muscle organ
development (GO:0006936);
intracellular protein
transport (GO:0007605);
vesicle-mediated transport (GO:0050877); regulation
of catalytic activity
(GO:0007600); cellular
component organization
(GO:0032502)
Plasma membrane
(GO:0016020); actin
cytoskeleton
(GO:0005886); intracellular
(GO:0043226)
Inflammation mediated
by chemokine and
cytokine signaling
pathway→myosin;
nicotinic acetylcholine
receptor signaling
pathway→myosin;
cytoskeletal regulation
by Rho
GTPase→myosin
light chain

P20929NEBU_
HUMAN
NebulinNEBNebulin (PTHR11039:SF37)

Q13442HAP28_
HUMAN
28 kDa heat-
and acid-stable
phosphoprotein
PDAP128 kDa heat- and
acid-stable
phosphoprotein
(PTHR22055:SF0)

P13667PDIA4_
HUMAN
Protein disulfide-
isomerase A4
PDIA4Protein
disulfide-isomerase A4 (PTHR18929:SF110)
Isomerase activity
(GO:0003824)
Protein folding (GO:0008152);
cellular process (GO:0044238);
response to stress
(GO:0019538)
Organelle (GO:0043226);
cytoplasm (GO:0044464)

Q9UHV9PFD2_
HUMAN
Prefoldin subunit 2PFDN2PREFOLDIN
SUBUNIT 2
(PTHR13303:SF0)
Chaperone (PC00072)protein folding
(GO:0008152)

O15212PFD6_
HUMAN
Prefoldin subunit 6PFDN6Prefoldin subunit 6 (PTHR21431:SF0)Protein binding
(GO:0005488)
Protein complex
assembly (GO:0008152);
cellular process
(GO:0044238); cellular
component organization
(GO:0019538); protein
complex biogenesis
(GO:0006461)
Protein complex
(GO:0032991); cytosol
(GO:0043234)

Q01813PFKAP_
HUMAN
ATP-dependent
6-phosphofructoki
nase, platelet type
PFKP6-Phosphofructokinase
type C
(PTHR13697:SF5)
Carbohydrate kinase
(PC00220); carbohydrate
kinase (PC00137)
Carbohydrate kinase
activity (GO:0003824)
Glycolysis (GO:0008152);
glycolysis (GO:0006091)

P13797PLST_
HUMAN
Plastin-3PLS3Plastin-3 (PTHR19961:SF32)Nonmotor actin-binding protein (PC00085)Structural constituent of
cytoskeleton (GO:0005198);
actin binding (GO:0005200)
Cellular process
(GO:0009987); cellular
component morphogenesis
(GO:0032502); cellular
component organization
(GO:0009653)
Actin cytoskeleton
(GO:0043226); intracellular
(GO:0005856)

O75334LIPA2_
HUMAN
Liprin-alpha-2PPFIA2Liprin-alpha-2 (PTHR12587:SF6)Cellular process
(GO:0009987);
cell adhesion (GO:0022610);
ectoderm development
(GO:0007155); nervous
system development
(GO:0032502)

P30048PRDX3_
HUMAN
Thioredoxin-
dependent
peroxide
reductase, mitochondrial
PRDX3Thioredoxin-dependent
peroxide reductase,
mitochondrial
(PTHR10681:SF22)
Peroxidase (PC00176)Oxidoreductase activity
(GO:0003824); peroxidase
activity (GO:0016491)
Metabolic process
(GO:0008152)

P49721PSB2_
HUMAN
Proteasome
subunit beta
type-2
PSMB2Proteasome subunit
beta type-2 (PTHR11599:SF6)
Q13200PSMD2_
HUMAN
26S proteasome
non-ATPase
regulatory
subunit 2
PSMD226S proteasome
non-ATPase regulatory
subunit 2 (PTHR10943:SF1)
Enzyme modulator (PC00095)Catalytic activity
(GO:0003824); protein
binding (GO:0005488); enzyme regulator
activity (GO:0005515)
Proteolysis (GO:0008152);
cell cycle (GO:0044238);
regulation of catalytic
activity (GO:0019538)
Ubiquitin proteasome
pathway→26S
proteasome;

O00233PSMD9_
HUMAN
26S proteasome
non-ATPase
regulatory
subunit 9
PSMD926S proteasome
non-ATPase regulatory
subunit 9 (PTHR12651:SF1)
Enzyme modulator (PC00095)Protein complex
assembly (GO:0008152);
cellular component
organization (GO:0044238);
protein complex
biogenesis (GO:0019538)
Protein complex
(GO:0032991); organelle
(GO:0043234); intracellular
(GO:0043226)
Ubiquitin proteasome
pathway→26S
proteasome;

P06454PTMA_
HUMAN
Prothymosin
alpha [cleaved
into:
prothymosin
alpha,
N-terminally
processed;
thymosin
alpha-1]
PTMAProthymosin alpha (PTHR22745:SF0)Nucleobase-containing
compound metabolic
process (GO:0008152)

P20962PTMS_
HUMAN
ParathymosinPTMSParathymosin
(PTHR22745:SF3)
Nucleobase-containing
compound metabolic
process (GO:0008152)

P26373RL13_
HUMAN
60S ribosomal
protein L13
RPL1360S ribosomal protein
L13 (PTHR11722:SF0)
Ribosomal protein (PC00171)Structural constituent
of ribosome (GO:0005198);
nucleic acid binding
(GO:0003735)
Translation (GO:0008152)

P62277RS13_
HUMAN
40S ribosomal
protein S13
RPS1340S ribosomal protein S13
(PTHR11885:SF6)
Ribosomal protein (PC00171)Structural constituent of ribosome (GO:0005198);
nucleic acid binding
(GO:0003735)
Protein metabolic
process (GO:0008152)

P62857RS28_
HUMAN
40S ribosomal
protein S28
RPS2840S ribosomal
protein S28 (PTHR10769:SF4)
Ribosomal protein (PC00171)Structural molecule
activity (GO:0005198)
Cellular process
(GO:0009987);
RNA localization
(GO:0051179);
nucleobase-containing
compound transport
(GO:0006403); nuclear
transport (GO:0006810);
cellular component
biogenesis (GO:0015931)
Ribosome (GO:0032991);
organelle (GO:0030529);
cytosol (GO:0005840)

Q8NC51PAIRB_
HUMAN
Plasminogen
activator inhibitor
1 RNA-binding
protein
SERBP1Plasminogen
activator inhibitor 1
RNA-binding protein (PTHR12299:SF29)
RNA-binding protein (PC00171)RNA binding
(GO:0005488)
Primary metabolic
process (GO:0008152)

Q9H299SH3L3_
HUMAN
SH3 domain-
binding glutamic
acid-rich-like
protein 3
SH3BGRL3SH3 domain-binding
glutamic acid-rich-like
protein 3
(PTHR12232:SF3)

P11166GTR1_
HUMAN
Solute carrier
family 2, facilitated
glucose transporter
member 1
SLC2A1Solute carrier family 2,
facilitated glucose
transporter member 1
(PTHR23503:SF51)
Gonadotropin releasing
hormone receptor
pathway→Glut1;
gonadotropin releasing
hormone receptor
pathway→Glut1;
gonadotropin releasing
hormone receptor
pathway→Glut1

P22528SPR1B_
HUMAN
Cornifin-BSPRR1BCornifin-B
(PTHR23263:SF47)

Q9Y6N5SQRD_
HUMAN
Sulfide:quinone
oxidoreductase,
mitochondrial
SQRDLSulfide:quinone
oxidoreductase,
mitochondrial
(PTHR10632:SF2)

Q16629SRSF7_
HUMAN
Serine/arginine-
rich splicing
factor 7
SRSF7

P16949STMN1_
HUMAN
StathminSTMN1Stathmin
(PTHR10104:SF5)
Cytoskeletal protein
binding (GO:0005488)
Cellular process
(GO:0009987);
single-multicellular
organism process
(GO:0032501); cell
differentiation (GO:0044707);
nervous system
development (GO:0032502);
regulation of biological
process (GO:0030154);
cytoskeleton organization
(GO:0048731)
Intracellular (GO:0044464);
cell projection (GO:0005622)
Cytoskeletal regulation
by Rho
GTPase→stathmin

P61956SUMO2_
HUMAN
Small
ubiquitin-related
modifier 2
SUMO2Small ubiquitin-related
modifier 2-related
(PTHR10562:SF11)
Cellular protein
modification process
(GO:0008152); cell cycle
(GO:0044238)

P63313TYB10_
HUMAN
Thymosin beta-10TMSB10Thymosin beta-10
(PTHR12021:SF10)

P62328TYB4_
HUMAN
Thymosin beta-4TMSB4XThymosin beta-4
(PTHR12021:SF13)

P67936TPM4_
HUMAN
Tropomyosin
alpha-4 chain
TPM4Tropomyosin
alpha-4 chain
(PTHR19269:SF40)
Actin-binding motor protein (PC00085)Motor activity
(GO:0003824);
structural constituent
of cytoskeleton
(GO:0016787)
Metabolic process
(GO:0008152); cellular
component movement
(GO:0009987); muscle
contraction (GO:0006928);
ectoderm development
(GO:0032501); mesoderm
development (GO:0044707);
cellular component
morphogenesis (GO:0003008);
nervous system development
(GO:0006936); muscle organ
development (GO:0032502);
cellular component
organization (GO:0007398)
Actin cytoskeleton
(GO:0043226); intracellular
(GO:0005856)
Q9C030TRIM6_
HUMAN
Tripartite
motif-containing
protein 6
TRIM6Tripartite
motif-containing
protein 6
(PTHR24103:SF348)

Q13509TBB3_
HUMAN
Tubulin beta-3
chain
TUBB3Tubulin beta-3 chain (PTHR11588:SF43)Tubulin (PC00085)Structural constituent
of cytoskeleton
(GO:0005198)
Cell cycle (GO:0009987);
anatomical structure
morphogenesis (GO:0007049);
intracellular protein
transport (GO:0032502)
Protein complex
(GO:0032991); intracellular
(GO:0043234)
Huntington
disease→beta-tubulin; Huntington
disease→microtubule;
cytoskeletal regulation
by Rho GTPase→tubulin

O75152ZC11A_
HUMAN
Zinc finger
CCCH domain-
containing
protein 11A
ZC3H11AZinc finger CCCH
domain-containing
protein 11A
(PTHR15725:SF2)
Nucleic acid binding (PC00171)Nucleic
acid binding
(GO:0005488)