ROS: Crucial Intermediators in the Pathogenesis of Intervertebral Disc Degeneration

Figure 3

The involvement of reactive oxygen species (ROS)/oxidative stress in the pathogenesis of intervertebral disc (IVD) degeneration (IDD). ROS activate various signaling pathways in IVD cells and consequently regulate the phenotype, apoptosis, autophagy, and senescence of disc cells. Sustained oxidative stress induced by ROS overproduction reinforces matrix degradation and inflammation and enhances the decrease in the number of viable and functional disc cells in IVDs. Furthermore, ROS alter the extracellular matrix (ECM) structure of IVDs through oxidative modification, impairing the mechanical function of IVDs. As a result, the progression of IDD is accelerated. SASP: senescence-associated secretory phenotype.