Flavonoid Administration Animal species Depression model Observed effects Mechanism of action Observation Reference Oral Rat FST Reduced immobility time Attenuated hyperglycaemia DR+ [39 ] Oralw /w ) Mice TST, OFT No effects Increased the 5-HT and DA levels in the CNS DR+ [75 ] Intraperitoneal, acute, and chronic Mice TST, OFT Reduced immobility time Increased the BDNF levels in the hippocampus DR+ [40 ] Intraperitoneal Mice TST, FST, and OFT Reduced immobility time Interaction with the serotonergic system (5-HT1A receptors) DR+ [77 ] Intraperitoneal Mice FST, OFT Reduced immobility time Interaction with the κ -opioid receptor DR+ [78 ] Oral ICR mice CMS, FST Reduced immobility time Reversed the reduction of sucrose preference. DR+ [41 ] Oral Mice CUMS, SPT, OFT, and FST Reduced immobility time Increased the sucrose preference DR+ [45 ] Oral Mice ST, OFT, and FST Reduced immobility time Increased BDNF levels DR+ [46 ] Oral Mice ST, rota rod, and TST Reduced immobility time Decreased 5-HT levels in the hippocampusα , IL-1β , IL-6, and kynurenine levels DR+ [47 ] Oral ICR mice OFT, TST Reduced immobility time Increased 5-HT and norepinephrine and GR levels DR+ [94 ] Oral ICR mice CUMS, SPT, and NSFT Enhanced the BDNF expression in the hippocampus but not in the frontal cortex DR+ [51 ] Intraperitonial Mice CUMS, OFT, FST, TST, and SPT Reduced immobility time Upregulation of monoaminergic neurotransmitters (5-HT and DA) DR+ [54 ] Oral Rat SPT, CMS, and FST Reduced immobility time Attenuated oxidative stress damage and neuroinflammationκ B signaling pathway and NLRP3-inflammasome activation DR+ [56 ] Oral Mice Social defeat Attenuated the increases in serum IL-6 and TNF-α level DR+ [55 ] Oral Rat SPT Attenuated the development of depression-like behaviors DR+ [57 ] Oral Mice FST, TST Reduced immobility time Acts as a TrkB receptor-specific agonist [58 ] 7 )In vitro μ g/mLPC12 cell line Evaluation of cell viability Protected PC12 cells from the lesion induced by corticosterone DR+ [61 ] Intraperitonial Mice FST Reduced motor activity Activation of D2-DA receptors DR+ [62 ] Oral Rat CMS Reduced immobility time Decreased the activity and expression COX-22 levels in the brain DR+ [5 ] Intraperitonial Mice/ rat OFT, FST, and TST Reduced immobility time Reversed the reduction of extracellular ERKs phosphorylation DR+ [65 ] Subcutaneous Mice FST, TST Reduced immobility time Attenuated corticosterone-induced depressive-like behavior [69 ] Oral Mice FST, TST, and OFT Reduced immobility time Interaction with presynaptic 5-HT1A receptors (serotonergic neurotransmitter system) DR+ [74 ] Oralw /w ) Mice TST, OFT No effects Increased the 5-HT and DA levels in the CNS DR+ [75 ] Oral ICR mice FST, TST Reduced immobility time Attenuated the expression of endoplasmic reticulum stress-related proteins in the hippocampus [79 ] Oral ICR Mice FST, OFT Reduced immobility time Potentiation the GABAA receptor-Cl− ion channel complex DR+ [80 ] Oral Mice MFTS, TST, and plus-maze Reduced immobility time Increased the catecholamine levels in the synaptic cleft1A , noradrenergic α 2, and dopaminergic D1, D2, and D3 receptors DR+ [81 ] Oral Mice FTS, TST Reduced immobility time Interaction with serotonergic (5-HT2 receptors) and noradrenergic systems (α 1-and α 2-adrenoceptors) DR+ [91 ] Oral Mouse FST, TST Reduced immobility time Regulation of the central 5-HT in and NE, levels (inhibition of MAO activity) DR+ [97 ] Oral Mice FST, TST Reduced immobility time Antagonized iNOS mRNA expression and nitrite levels via the modulation of NF-κ Bβ , IL-6, and TNF-α ) DR+ [98 ] Oral Mice FST, TST Reduced immobility time Interaction with the serotonergic, noradrenergic and dopaminergic systems DR+ [102 ] Intraperitonial Rat FST Reduced immobility time Attenuated depressive-like behaviours DR+ [105 ] Oral Rat Acute stress, EPM No effects Protective effects on stress exposure DR+ [106 ] Oral Rat OFT Reduced immobility time Neuroprotective effects DR+ [107 ]
