Dietary Polyphenol Intake, but Not the Dietary Total Antioxidant Capacity, Is Inversely Related to Cardiovascular Disease in Postmenopausal Polish Women: Results of WOBASZ and WOBASZ II Studies
Table 1
General description of the studied postmenopausal women with and without CVD.
Trait
Women diagnosed with CVD
Women without CVD
Significance level
Mean ± SD or %
Mean ± SD or %
Age (years)
65.5 ± 9.2
60.98 ± 8.4
<0.0001
Marital status (%)
Married
57.2
63.9
0.001
Single
42.8
36.1
Level of education (%)
Under middle
61.0
55.2
0.009
Middle
31.9
35.4
Academic
7.1
9.5
Age of natural menopause (years), mean, SD, range
49.9 ± 4.4
50.0 ± 4.1
0.875
Duration of menopause (years), mean, SD, range
15.6 ± 9.6
11.0 ± 8.6
<0.0001
Family history of CVD (%)
39.4
36.1
0.098
Diseases (%)
Hypertension
73.1
57.3
<0.0001
Myocardial infarction
12.6
0
<0.0001
Stroke
7.9
0
<0.0001
Diabetes
19.8
13.4
<0.0001
Medication
Menopause hormone therapy (%)
3.8
4.9
0.178
Hypotensive drugs (%)
61.0
34.9
<0.0001
Cholesterol-lowering therapy (%)
29.3
13.5
<0.0001
Antidiabetic medication or insulin (%)
15.6
8.2
<0.0001
Smoking status (%)
Current smokers
12.5
20.9
<0.0001
Past smokers
18.6
17.7
Never smokers
68.9
61.4
Leisure-time physical activity (%)
Low level
52.1
47.8
0.107
Middle level
16.5
18.4
High level
31.3
33.8
BMI (kg/m2) (%)
Underweight (BMI < 18.5)
0.3
0.7
<0.0001
Normal (BMI 18.5–24.99)
28.2
27.8
Overweight (BMI 25–29.99)
35.2
39.2
Obesity (BMI > 30)
44.3
32.2
Abdominal obesity (%)
71.1
62.5
<0.0001
Supplementation with antioxidant vitamins (A, C, and E) (%)
