Adherence to the Mediterranean Diet and Circulating Levels of Sirtuin 4 in Obese Patients: A Novel Association
Table 4
Total energy and daily macronutrient/micronutrient intake of obese individuals grouped on the basis of the adherence to the Mediterranean diet.
Parameters
Obese Low adherence MD
Obese Average adherence MD
value
Total energy (kcal)
3473.1 ± 271.9
2822.3 ± 287.7
<0.001
Protein (% of total kcal)
14.0 (11.0–18.0)
16.0 (12.0–20.0)
0.045
INQ protein
0.98 ± 0.03
1.08 ± 0.07
<0.001
Carbohydrate (% of total kcal)
56.0 (53.0–61.0)
57.0 (54.0–60.0)
0.469
INQ carbohydrate
0.97 ± 0.03
1.03 ± 0.03
<0.001
Complex (% of total kcal)
28.8 ± 5.5
31.8 ± 4.0
0.049
Simple (% of total kcal)
27.8 ± 4.5
25.2 ± 4.0
0.055
Fat (% of total kcal)
29.0 (28.0–30.0)
27.0 (25.0–30.0)
<0.001
INQ Fat
0.96 ± 0.03
1.06 ± 0.05
<0.001
SFA (% of total kcal)
11.5 (8.3–15.7)
9.0 (1.7–10.3)
<0.001
MUFA (% of total kcal)
12.8 (11.2–14.3)
15.7 (14.5–17.7)
<0.001
PUFA (% of total kcal)
3.3 (1.8-9.3)
2.9 (1.8–5.9)
0.191
n-6 PUFA (g/day)
10.9 (4.8–34.7)
5.7 (0.4–15.4)
0.001
n-3 PUFA (g/day)
2.2 (0.6–2.8)
3.4 (1.3–12.4)
<0.001
n-6/n-3 PUFAs ratio
5.9 (2.1–20.8)
1.6 (0.1–11.8)
<0.001
Cholesterol (mg/day)
335.9 ± 42.2
323.0 ± 32.2
0.262
Fiber (g/day)
20.4 (8.2–25.0)
24.0 (10.1–28.1)
0.021
Retinol Eq (μg/day)
756.5 (451.0–1990.0)
1249.0 (527.0–2012.0)
0.001
Vitamin C (mg/day)
71.0 ± 26.3
159.0 ± 44.7
<0.001
Vitamin D (μg/day)
1.6 ± 0.6
2.1 ± 0.7
0.014
Vitamin E (mg/day)
10.5 ± 1.6
16.4 ± 2.3
<0.001
Iron (mg/day)
8.2 ± 1.9
10.6 ± 2.9
0.005
Selenium (μg/day)
15.2 (9.0–33.9)
22.1 (8.7–42.5)
0.003
Zinc (mg/day)
8.8 ± 1.5
10.4 ± 1.3
<0.001
MAI
1.09 ± 0.34
3.18 ± 0.81
<0.001
Obese individuals with low MD adherence had a higher energy intake, a higher percentage of energy from lipids, mainly SFA and PUFA, and a lower fiber intake than average adherers. Low adherers consumed lower complex carbohydrates and lower antioxidant intake than average adherers, including n-3 PUFA, A, C, and E vitamins, and micronutrients. Results are expressed as mean ± standard deviation or as median plus range according to variable distributions evaluated by Kolmogorov-Smirnov test. Differences between groups were analyzed by unpaired Student’s t-test or Wilcoxon signed-rank test, when appropriate. value indicates comparison between those with low adherence versus those with average adherence to the MD. A value in bold type denotes a significant difference (). MD: Mediterranean diet; INQ: index of nutritional quality; SFA: saturated fatty acids; MUFA: monounsaturated fatty acids; PUFA: polyunsaturated fatty acids; MAI: Mediterranean adequacy index.
