Comparison of the Neuroprotective and Anti-Inflammatory Effects of the Anthocyanin Metabolites, Protocatechuic Acid and 4-Hydroxybenzoic Acid

Figure 6

PGA does not protect CGNs from death induced by various neuronal stressors. (a) Quantitative assessment of apoptosis in CGNs treated with hydrogen peroxide alone or in combination with various concentrations of PGA. (b) Quantitative assessment of apoptosis in CGNs treated with SNP alone or in combination with various concentrations of PGA. (c) Quantitative assessment of apoptosis in CGNs treated with glutamate alone or in combination with various concentrations of PGA. For quantification, nuclear morphology was assessed, and cells displaying condensed or fragmented nuclei were scored as apoptotic. The percent of all total cells that displayed apoptotic morphology was then determined. Data are represented as mean ± SEM for experiments. indicates , and indicates in comparison to untreated controls by one-way ANOVA with a post hoc Tukey’s test. There are no significant differences between cells treated with PGA and cells treated with insults alone.

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