Role of Diet and Nutritional Supplements in Parkinson’s Disease Progression

Table 3

Logistic regression model of nutritional supplements and PD progression. Predicted PD severity score, as measured by the PRO-PD, based on the positive report of consistently using of supplements over the previous 6 months. Adjusted for years since diagnosis, age, and gender. Adjusted for years since diagnosis, age, gender, and income.

Association between dietary supplements & risk of Parkinson’s disease progression
Nutritional supplement	n	Mean change in PRO-PD score (SE)	value (95% CI)	Mean change in PRO-PD score (SE)	value (95% CI)
Inosine	13	−181.1 (125.6)	0.15 (−427.5 to 65.3)	−107.1 (122.9)	0.384 (−348.4 to 134.2)
Glutathione, oral	43	−126.1 (69)	0.068 (−261.6 to 9.3)	−126.7 (70)	0.07 (−263.9 to 10.5)
DHEA	47	−87.6 (70.8)	0.216 (−226.6 to 51.4)	−72.2 (70.9)	0.309 (−211.3 to 67)
Lithium, low dose	21	−84.9 (100.2)	0.397 (−281.6 to 111.8)	−118.9 (100.4)	0.237 (−315.9 to 78.1)
Low-dose naltrexone	14	−76.1 (120.9)	0.529 (−313.4 to 161.2)	−87.8 (118)	0.457 (−319.3 to 143.8)
CoQ10	286	−70.4 (31.5)	0.026 (−132.2 to −8.6)	−46.6 (31.6)	0.141 (−108.7 to 15.4)
Fish oil	376	−69.5 (29.5)	0.019 (−127.4 to −11.6)	−57.7 (29.6)	0.052 (−115.7 to 0.4)
Quercetin	21	−50.7 (105.9)	0.632 (−258.5 to 157.1)	−60.5 (106.4)	0.569 (−269.3 to 148.2)
Turmeric/curcumin	197	−47.3 (35.6)	0.186 (−117.3 to 22.8)	−49.5 (35.9)	0.168 (−120 to 20.9)
Gingko biloba	30	−47.2 (83.2)	0.57 (−210.5 to 116)	−61.1 (81.2)	0452 (−220.5 to 98.2)
Coconut oil	190	−35.8 (36.4)	0.324 (−107.2 to 35.5)	−52.7 (36.4)	0.147 (−124.1 to 18.6)
Resveratrol	43	−28.5 (70.7)	0.687 (−167.3 to 110.3)	−18.7 (72.7)	0.797 (−161.4 to 124)
Vitamin D	623	−26.1 (29)	0.368 (−83 to 30.8)	−3.6 (29.2)	0.902 (−60.9 to 53.7)
Alpha-lipoic acid	79	−19.1 (53.4)	0.72 (−123.9 to 85.7)	0.05 (54.4)	0.999 (−106.7 to 106.7)
5-Methyltetrahydrofolate (5-MTHF)	27	−17.1 (91.4)	0.852 (−196.4 to 162.2)	−25.1 (95.6)	0.793 (−212.7 to 162.5)
Probiotics	249	−12.3 (32.7)	0.708 (−76.5 to 52)	−12.4 (32.9)	0.706 (−77 to 52)
NADH	14	−9.7 (120.8)	0.936 (−246.7 to 227.3)	−25.2 (122.6)	0.837 (−265.7 to 215.4)
Multivitamin/mineral	342	−7.8 (30.2)	0.795 (−67.1 to 51.4)	9.9 (30.3)	0.744 (−49.6 to 69.5)
Calcium	324	−6.2 (32.2)	0.847 (−69.4 to 57)	12.5 (32.6)	0.701 (−51.4 to 76.4)
B6, B12, folic acid, betaine combination	88	3.4 (49.7)	0.946 (−94.2 to 101)	11.1 (48.9)	0.82 (−84.9 to 107.1)
Vitamin C	327	4.2 (30.6)	0.891 (−55.9 to 64.3)	−3.8 (31)	0.902 (−64.6 to 56.9)
N-Acetyl cysteine (NAC)	59	12.8 (60.1)	0.831 (−105 to 130.7)	26.9 (60.8)	0.658 (−92.4 to 146.1)
Vitamin B12 (methyl-B12/cyano-B12)	353	26.7 (29.8)	0.37 (−31.8 to 85.3)	43 (29.8)	0.15 (−15.6 to 101.6)
Rubidium	2	34.2 (306)	0.911 (−566.4 to 634.7)	93.1 (298.5)	0.755 (−492.7 to 678.8)
Estrogen	51	40 (67.4)	0.553 (−92.2 to 172.3)	15.2 (69.6)	0.827 (−121.4 to 151.8)
Glutathione, intranasal	24	62.9 (95.5)	0.51 (−124.5 to 250.4)	55.6 (93.2)	0.551 (−127.3 to 238.5)
Mucuna	33	67 (81.7)	0.412 (−93.3 to 227.2)	21.8 (80)	0.785 (−135.1 to 178.6)
Fava beans	17	122 (109)	0.263 (−92 to 336)	87.8 (110.1)	0.425 (−128.2 to 303.8)
Melatonin	148	139.3 (40.5)	0.001 (59.8 to 218.8)	134.8 (40.2)	0.001 (56 to 213.6)
Iron (Fe)	57	146.4 (63.9)	0.022 (21 to 271.9)	179.7 (64.3)	0.005 (53.6 to 305.9)