Measurement and Clinical Significance of Biomarkers of Oxidative Stress in Humans

Table 3

Reversible cysteine modifications	Methods	Limitations and confoundings
S-glutathionylation GSH/GSSG SH	MS, ELISA, WB; Spectrofotometric	For an accurate quantification, a specialized instrumentation is required
ROS-regulated transcription factors	Methods	Limitations and confoundings
Nrf-2, NF-kB	Immunological techniques, RT-PCR
ROS-generating enzymes	Methods	Limitations and confoundings
NOX, MPO, XO, NOS	Immunological techniques, WB, PCR, RT-PCR, enzymatic	Antibody specificity; Different percentages of leukocytes’ populations
Antioxidant enzymes	Methods	Limitations and confoundings
SOD, CAT, GPX, GR	Immunological techniques WB, PCR, RT-PCR, enzymatic	Antibody specificity; Different percentages of leukocytes’ populations

CAT: catalase; GPX: glutathione peroxidase; GR: glutathione reductase; GSH: glutathione; MPO: Myeloperoxidase; MS: mass spectroscopy; NOS: nitric oxide synthases; NOX: NADPH oxidase; PCR: reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction; SOD: superoxide dismutase; WB: Western blot; XO: xanthine oxidase.