Research Progress on Signaling Pathway-Associated Oxidative Stress in Endothelial Cells

Figure 4

Schematic diagram of AMPK pathway. The → indicates activation or induction, and the ⊢ represents inhibition. Sirt1 has been reported to contribute to AMPK activation. Sirt1 and AMPK act upstream of the autophagy regulation pathway. PPARc activates and moderates the activation of AMPK, causing a decrease in the expression of LOX-1. It is noteworthy that LOX-1 is essential for ox-LDL-mediated inhibition of AKT and eNOS activity and downstream NO synthesis. The AKT phosphorylation increased by AMPK activation mediates the VEGF-dependent angiogenesis and decreases apoptosis and aging. Moreover, AMPK signaling pathway participates in the oxidative stress via the combined effect of ERK and p38MAPK on the regulation of ROS production.