Research Article
Therapeutic Potential of Novel Twin Compounds Containing Tetramethylpyrazine and Carnitine Substructures in Experimental Ischemic Stroke
Figure 5
LR134 and LR143 reduced inflammatory responses and NOX2-mediated oxidative stress in rats after cerebral ischemia reperfusion (I/R) injury. (a) The mRNA levels of proinflammatory mediators including IL-1β (interleukin-1β), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), IL-6, and MCP-1 (monocyte chemoattractant protein-1) were measured by real-time RT-PCR analysis. (b) Representative sections and quantitative analysis of brain stained for macrophage (CD68 positive) and neutrophil (Ly6B positive) infiltration in the brain from different groups of rats. (c) Representative electron spin resonance (ESR) spectrographs and summarized data showing the relative levels of superoxide (O2•−) production in the brain from different groups of rats. (d) Representative Western blot gel documents and summarized data showing NOX2 levels in different groups of rats. (e) Representative brain sections and quantitative analysis showing the upregulation of NOX2 in neurons after cerebral ischemia/reperfusion by immunofluorescence analysis. versus sham-operated (sham) group, versus I/R-vehicle group ().
| (a) |
| (b) |
| (c) |
| (d) |
| (e) |