Research Article
Oxidative Stress Regulation on Endothelial Cells by Hydrophilic Astaxanthin Complex: Chemical, Biological, and Molecular Antioxidant Activity Evaluation
Figure 4
The molecular protection mechanism of CD-A complex against ROS. CD-A complex activates (a, b) Nrf2/HO-1/NQO1 and (c, d) PTEN/PI3K/AKT endogenous pathways. (e) Schematic representation of the molecular pathway of CD-A protective action on endothelial cells under oxidative stress. Levels not connected by the same letter are significantly different ().
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