The Evaluation of Antioxidant and Anti-Inflammatory Effects of Eucommia ulmoides Flavones Using Diquat-Challenged Piglet Models

Table 4

Serum profiles of cytokines in piglets.

Item	Basal diet	Basal diet + diquat	EUF diet + diquat	value
Day 14 (pg/ml)
IL-1β	287.23 ± 8.41^c	847.24 ± 31.47^a	387.47 ± 15.46^b	<0.001
IL-4	294.53 ± 20.14^b	286.41 ± 19.54^b	564.56 ± 35.64^a	<0.001
IL-6	21.25 ± 1.34^c	257.24 ± 13.24^a	54.36 ± 8.68^b	<0.001
IL-8	105.45 ± 12.54^b	975.64 ± 60.89^a	243.57 ± 30.42^b	<0.001
IL-12	146.41 ± 9.57^b	345.48 ± 35.54^a	208.65 ± 24.58^b	<0.001
GM-CSF	124.17 ± 10.58^b	240.58 ± 27.58^a	138.42 ± 16.65^b	<0.001
TGF-β1	954.24 ± 23.42^a	514.35 ± 42.52^b	895.44 ± 28.56^a	<0.001
TNF-α	1.56 ± 0.21^b	124.25 ± 23.56^a	34.45 ± 6.54^b	<0.001
IL-10	0.45 ± 0.01^b	1.24 ± 0.25^a	0.68 ± 0.08^b	0.004
IFN-γ	0.06 ± 0.01^b	0.58 ± 0.11^a	0.21 ± 0.05^b	<0.001
Day 21 (pg/ml)
IL-1β	221.56 ± 11.25	356.45 ± 32.54	215.46 ± 20.56	0.417
IL-4	256.25 ± 25.54	248.36 ± 20.89	324.12 ± 40.56	0.174
IL-6	53.42 ± 6.87	76.25 ± 13.56	64.45 ± 9.58	0.318
IL-8	186.23 ± 19.68	235.56 ± 31.56	206.72 ± 24.56	0.411
IL-12	134.15 ± 12.14	186.84 ± 24.51	164.56 ± 19.45	0.180
GM-CSF	135.12 ± 11.58	169.56 ± 20.45	132.45 ± 12.48	0.188
TGF-β1	817.24 ± 38.42	728.63 ± 56.25	795.42 ± 41.56	0.383
TNF-α	2.87 ± 0.17^b	9.54 ± 2.14^a	3.57 ± 1.06^b	0.005
IL-10	0.38 ± 0.08^b	0.75 ± 0.10^a	0.51 ± 0.10^a, b	0.034
IFN-γ	0.10 ± 0.02	0.19 ± 0.09	0.15 ± 0.09	0.697

Values are the mean ± SEM, per treatment group. ^a-cMean values sharing different superscripts within a row differ ().