The Central Role of Biometals Maintains Oxidative Balance in the Context of Metabolic and Neurodegenerative Disorders

Figure 1

The progression of pathological changes in adipose tissue after initial fat accumulation with a focus on participation of hypoxic condition. Lowered oxygen saturation in enlarged adipose tissue leads to hypoxic conditions. Mitochondrial dysfunction in hypoxic tissue causes alterations in the electron transport chain and thus an increase in generated ROS, which are critical for the further activation of immune cells and the development of chronic inflammation. The activation of relevant genes leads to the pathogenesis of metabolic disorders and creates the vicious cycles further empowering the pathological changes. The interconnections between the pathological processes leading to the final metabolic disorders are marked in boxes. Red arrows indicate the flow of changes and the vicious cycles between each pathological stage, together with the causative effect and the ablation of gene expression between specific grades of pathogenesis.