Activation of p47phox as a Mechanism of Bupivacaine-Induced Burst Production of Reactive Oxygen Species and Neural Toxicity

Figure 1

Bupivacaine-induced cell injury in vitro and in vivo. (a, b) The protein expression level of cleaved caspase-3 and phospho-γ-H2A.x after bupivacaine incubation at different time points. (c, d) TUNEL staining indicated the ratio of apoptotic cells after bupivacaine (1.5 mM) incubation for 24 h in SH-SY5Y cells. Cells tagged by white arrows were TUNEL positive. (e, f) Schematic diagram indicates the area of tested sections in the spinal dorsal horn. Cell apoptosis in the spinal dorsal horn was assessed by TUNEL staining. Cells tagged by white arrows were TUNEL staining positive. Data represent mean ± SD of at least 3 independent experiments or for 6 rats each group. Scale bar: 50 μm. versus control (Con) group.

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