The Contribution of Singlet Oxygen to Insulin Resistance

Figure 4

Suggested conversion of 4-hydroperoxy-2-nonenal (HPNE, (17)) to malondialdehyde (MDA, (19)), hexanal (20), 4-hydroxy-2-nonenal (HNE, (22)), and 4-oxo-2-nonenal (ONE (23)) through amine or metal ion-mediated processes.