Oxidative Stress-Related Mechanisms and Antioxidant Therapy in Diabetic Retinopathy

Figure 2

The mechanisms of oxidative stress and diabetic retinopathy. BRB, blood-retinal barrier; ET-1, endothelin-1; NADPH, nicotinamide adenine dinnucleotide phosphate; PAI-1, plasminogen activator inhibitor 1; TGF-β, transforming growth factor-β; VEGF, vascular endothelial growth factor.