Impact of Hot Environment on Fluid and Electrolyte Imbalance, Renal Damage, Hemolysis, and Immune Activation Postmarathon
Table 2
Fluid, electrolyte balance, and renal function after the marathon race in the temperate and hot environment.
Reference values
Before
Immediately after
1 day after
3 days after
Sodium (mMol/L)
137–145
HE
142 ± 0.4##
147 ± 0.5##
142 ± 0.4#
143 ± 0.3#
TE
139 ± 0.3
140 ± 0.4
140 ± 0.3
141 ± 0.3
Magnesium (mg/dL)
1.7–2.5
HE
2.5 ± 0.04#
2 ± 0.05#
2.2 ± 0.03
2.4 ± 0.03#
TE
2.3 ± 0.1
1.9 ± 0.1
2.2 ± 0.1
2.3 ± 0.1
Osmol (mOsm/L)
275–295
HE
296 ± 1##
309 ± 1##
298 ± 1##
297 ± 1##
TE
289 ± 1
294 ± 1
293 ± 1
293 ± 1
Potassium (mMol/L)
3.5–5.6
HE
3.9 ± 0.05##
4.5 ± 0.1
4.4 ± 0.1
4.3 ± 0.1#
TE
4.5 ± 0.05
4.4 ± 0.1
4.5 ± 0.1
4.5 ± 0.1
Calcium (mg/dL)
8.4–11
HE
9.3 ± 0.1##
9.3 ± 0.1##
9.1 ± 0.1##
8.9 ± 0.1##
TE
9.6 ± 0.1
9.8 ± 0.1
9.6 ± 0.1
9.5 ± 0.1
Creatinine (mg/dL)
0.7–1.3
HE
0.9 ± 0.02##
1.4 ± 0.05#
1 ± 0.03
0.9 ± 0.02#
TE
1 ± 0.02
1.5 ± 0.1
1 ± 0.03
1 ± 0.03
Urea (mg/dL)
<40
HE
40 ± 1
49 ± 2
49 ± 2#
38 ± 1#
TE
38 ± 1
48 ± 1
46 ± 2
35 ± 2
UD (kg/m3)
1005–1030
HE
1019 ± 2
1025 ± 1#
1022 ± 1#
1021 ± 2#
TE
1016 ± 1
1019 ± 1
1013 ± 1
1014 ± 1
Urine pH
5-6
HE
6 ± 0.1#
6 ± 0.1##
6 ± 0.1##
6 ± 0.1#
TE
6 ± 0.2
5 ± 0.1
5 ± 0.1
6 ± 0.1
Urine WBC (cell/mL)
0–10,000
HE
1638 ± 314
10,828 ± 2170#
4589 ± 569#
2778 ± 755
TE
2310 ± 598
4828 ± 1185
2071 ± 230
2250 ± 444
Hematuria (cell/mL)
0–10,000
HE
3259 ± 1539
76,017 ± 36,939
3679 ± 736#
4259 ± 1409#
TE
1241 ± 146
44,241 ± 13,538
4679 ± 2070
2500 ± 878
Urine cylinders (units/mL)
0
HE
0 ± 0
463 ± 144#
0 ± 0
0 ± 0
TE
69 ± 48
35 ± 35
107 ± 79
0 ± 0
Proteinuria (mg/dL)
0
HE
3 ± 2
9 ± 5
1 ± 1#
0 ± 0
TE
3 ± 2
1 ± 1
7 ± 3
2 ± 2
WBC: white blood cells; UD: urine density; Osmol: osmolality; HE: hot environment; TE: temperate environment. The values presented are the mean ± standard error of mean (SEM) of 26 runners. versus before race; versus before race; ; and versus temperate environment.
