Oxidative-Nitrative Stress and Poly (ADP-Ribose) Polymerase Activation 3 Years after Pregnancy
Table 1
Characteristics of participants at follow-up (: versus previous healthy pregnancy, #: versus men, ł: versus nulliparous women, ^: versus DGDM). Mean ± SEM, Median (IQR). MALE: men; NULL: nulliparous women; PREG: previous healthy pregnancy; DGDM: previous diet-treated GDM; IGDM: previous insulin-treated GDM.
MALE
NULL
PREG
DGDM
IGDM
Age (years)
35.7 ± 0.9
34.0 ± 0.5
34.1 ± 0.8
35.2 ± 0.7
36.8 ± 1.7
BMI (kg/m2)
27 ± 0.6
24.2 ± 1.4
23.6 ± 0.6
26.3 ± 1.0
24.6 ± 1.3
Parity
0
1 (1-2)
2 (1–3)
2 (1-2)
Level of education (1–4)
4 (3-4)
4 (3.5–4)
4 (3-4)
4 (3-4)
3 (3–3)#ł^
Income per capita (1–5)
3 (2–4)
3.5 (2.5–5)
2 (2-3)ł
2 (2-3)ł
1 (1-2)#ł^
Smoking (%)
46.7 ł^
5.9
22.2
10.5
30.8
Glucose (mmol/l)
0 min
5.2 ± 0.2
5.3 ± 0.1
5.2 ± 0.1
5.5 ± 0.1
5.5 ± 0.2
30 min
9.3 ± 0.6
8.8 ± 0.5
7.5 ± 0.3#
9.0 ± 0.3
9.2 ± 0.6
90 min
6.5 ± 0.5
5.8 ± 0.3
5.4 ± 0.3
7.3 ± 0.3
8.3 ± 0.9 ł
120 min
4.9 ± 0.4
5.2 ± 0.3
5.3 ± 0.3
6.7 ± 0.3#ł
7.1 ± 0.8#ł
Insulin (U/ml)
0 min
9.6 (4.7–10.9)
7.6 (3.7–10.6)
8.1 (4.5–10.1)
9.9 (7.2–14.4)
10.1 (4.6–15.3)
30 min
46.7 (35.2–96.2)
54.5 (22.8–77.7)
51.5 (30.3–67.8)
55.6 (38.9–79.0)
33.0 (22.6–86.9)
90 min
53.5 (32.9–106.8)
38.1 (21.6–55.5)
32.2 (22.9–46.0)
72.0 (38.5–97.1)
58.0 (31.5–103.0)
120 min
33.9 (6.4–65.2)
28.5 (16.0–50.0)
25.1 (14.1–38.6)
56.4 (37.1–84.8)#
45.7 (26.1–86.8)
Prediabetes (IGT + IFG) + Diabetes (%)
6.7 + 0 6.7
12.5 + 0 12.5
4 + 0 4
33.3 + 0 33.3
30 + 10 40
HOMA2B (%)
84.5 (73.5–99.6)
87.1 (67.6–97.7)
82.4 (61.8–117.2)
98.6 (80.0–130.0)
113.0 (67.4–151.9)
HOMA2S (%)
76.6 (69.5–149.8)
81.7 (69.8–189.5)
94.0 (66.4–150.0)
75.4 (51.3–104.5)
67.1 (50.9–128.1)
EIR
8.0 (5.0–15.5)
8.8 (3.5–13.1)
8.4 (4.5–10.9)
7.9 (5.8–10.4)
4.6 (1.9–14.3)
AUC glucose
1210.9 ± 122.7
1065.4 ± 42.3
1011.2 ± 37.5
1257.9 ± 40.0
1310.1 ± 111.3
HbA1c (%)
5.6 ± 0.1
5.6 ± 0.2
5.4 ± 0.1
5.5 ± 0.1
5.6 ± 0.1
CRP (mg/l)
0.9 (0.3–1.9)
0.6 (0.1–1.2)
1.5 (0.3–2.2)
1.1 (0.8–3.9)ł
1.5 (0.4–4.9)
Vitamin D3 (ng/ml)
23.9 ± 1
23.0 ± 2.4
25.2 ± 1.8
25.9 ± 1.8
28.7 ± 3.5
Estradiol (pg/ml)
21.4 (19.0–28.2)
109.7 (66.5–224.6)#
75.4 (41.1–106.3)#
111.9 (36.9–158.2)#
82.3 (22.5–95.3)
Level of education: 1: primary school; 2: secondary school; 3: secondary grammar school; 4: college or university degree. Monthly income per capita: 1: below 185€; 2: 185–370€; 3: 370–555€; 4: 555–740€; 5: over 740€. IGT: impaired glucose tolerance; IFG: impaired fasting glucose.
